Reducing health risks from wastewater use in urban and peri-urban sub-Saharan Africa: applying the 2006 WHO guidelines
Reducing health risks from wastewater use in urban and peri-urban sub-Saharan Africa: applying the 2006 WHO guidelines
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DOI：
10.2166/wst.2008.245
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发表时间：
2008-01-01
影响因子：
2.7
通讯作者：
Bahri, A.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Drechsel, P.;Keraita, B.;Bahri, A.
在快速城市化超过城市提供良好卫生和废水处理能力的地方，城市附近的大多数水源都受到严重污染。这是非常令人担忧的，因为城市中生吃的许多叶菜都产自这些地区。根据新的世卫组织指南，在农场、市场和厨房一级对不同的非处理选择进行了实地测试，以降低健康风险，并特别考虑了效率和采用潜力。由于大多数家庭习惯于洗菜（尽管效果不佳），减少风险的一个重要切入点是新准则更加强调食物准备措施。更安全的灌溉做法（取水，农场处理和应用），分配具有更好水源的农田以及改善厨房蔬菜洗涤的组合似乎能够显着降低感染的潜在风险，尽管如果没有某种废水处理，可能无法达到理想的阈值。在加纳进行的农场试验还探讨了其他减少风险措施的局限性，如滴灌、作物限制和在当地情况下停止灌溉，考虑到可能的行为改变激励措施。
Where rapid urbanization is outpacing urban capacities to provide sound sanitation and wastewater treatment, most water sources in city vicinity are heavily polluted. This is of great concern as many of the leafy vegetables eaten raw in the cities are produced in these areas. Following the new WHO guidelines, different non-treatment options at farm, market, and kitchen level were field tested for health risk reduction with special consideration to efficiency and adoption potential. As most households are used to vegetable washing (although ineffectively), an important entry point for risk reduction is the increased emphasis of the new guidelines on food preparation measures. A combination of safer irrigation practices (water fetching, on-farm treatment, and application), the allocation of farmland with better water sources, and improved vegetable washing in kitchens appear to be able to reduce the potential risk of infections significantly, although it might not be possible to reach the ideal threshold without some kind of wastewater treatment. The on-farm trials carried out in Ghana also explored the limitation of other risk reduction measures, such as drip irrigation, crop restrictions and cessation of irrigation under local circumstances considering possible incentives for behaviour change.