The economic case for developing HVDC-based networks to maximise renewable energy utilisation across Europe : an advanced stochastic approach to determining the costs and benefits
The economic case for developing HVDC-based networks to maximise renewable energy utilisation across Europe : an advanced stochastic approach to determining the costs and benefits
复制标题
开发基于 HVDC 的网络以最大限度地提高整个欧洲可再生能源利用率的经济案例：确定成本和收益的先进随机方法
DOI：
--
复制
发表时间：
2012
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
M. Doquet
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
T. Houghton;K. Bell;M. Doquet
本文关注的是在大陆范围内，在这种情况下，在欧洲显着增强传输能力的发展的基本原理。特别强调北海风力发电的适应性，它描述了对欧洲一级输电能力不足的程度的评估，这将成为实现2020年欧洲可再生能源发电目标的制约因素。一个合理的发电和需求的情况下，已经假设和区域间的电力流研究在一些网络的情况下，整个欧洲。网络案例旨在深入了解不同水平的传输扩展的驱动因素和不同的网络配置，通过这些网络配置可以提高离岸传输能力。所使用的分析方法考虑到现实的时间序列可用的发电，包括风力和水力发电，模型的空间相关性的风力和水力发电，最低稳定发电和开关时间，以及区域差异的储备要求。最特别地，通过蒙特卡罗模拟，可以评估不同位置处的电力赤字和盈余以及位置之间的流量的可变性。通过使用RTE开发的ANTARES工具进行分析。用于比较不同情景的主要指标是不同类型发电机的年发电量、二氧化碳排放量、可再生能源的总能量以及“溢出”风能的数量。研究结果表明，新的海上电网容量允许不同国家之间增加电力交换，这对于充分发挥新风电开发的潜力至关重要。这一新的网络容量不仅允许在其他地方使用当地剩余的风力发电，而且还有助于在远离特定区域的地方保持备用电力，从而最大限度地减少总储备，并增加可再生能源的利用。然而，它有两个进一步的影响：根据确切的位置，它可以允许陆上网络的限制被绕过，如图所示，它可以允许在偏远地区使用廉价的高碳发电，而不是在当地使用低碳化石燃料发电厂。因此，可以得出结论，不仅支持对风能等极低碳发电能力的投资和输电网络的发展对减少与用电有关的碳排放很重要，而且对碳排放的有效定价也很重要。
This paper is concerned with the rationale for development of significantly enhanced transmission capacity on a continent scale, in this case in Europe. With a particular emphasis on the accommodation of wind power in the North Sea, it describes an assessment of the extent to which lack of transmission capacity at a European level will act as a constraint to realising Europe-wide targets for electricity from renewable sources in 2020. A plausible generation and demand scenario has been postulated and inter-area power flows studied in a number of network cases for the whole of Europe. The network cases are intended to provide insights into the drivers for different levels of transmission expansion and the different network configurations by which increased transfer capability might be delivered offshore. The analytical methods used take account of realistic time series of available generation including wind and hydro, model spatial correlations of wind and hydro power, minimum stable generation and on and off times, and regionally differentiated reserve requirements. Most particularly, by means of Monte Carlo simulation, the variability of power deficits and surpluses at different locations and flows between locations can be assessed. The analysis is achieved through use of the ANTARES tool developed by RTE. The main metrics used to compare the different scenarios are annual energy production from different types of generator, emissions of carbon dioxide, the total energy from renewables, and the volume of ‘spilled’ wind energy. The results suggest that new offshore network capacity to allow increased exchange of power between different countries will be important to realising the full potential of new wind power developments. This new network capacity not only allows local surpluses of wind power to be used elsewhere but also facilitates reserve power to be held remote from a particular area and so minimise the total holding of reserve and increase the utilisation of renewable energy. However, it has two further effects: depending on the exact location, it can permit onshore network constraints to be bypassed and, as is shown, it can allow cheap high carbon generation in remote areas to be used instead of lower carbon fossil fuelled plant in a local area. It may thus be concluded that not only are support for investment in very low carbon generation capacity such as wind and development of the transmission network important for reduction of carbon emissions associated with use of electricity, but so too is effective pricing of carbon emissions.