Health effects of banning beehive coke ovens and implementation of the ban in China.
Health effects of banning beehive coke ovens and implementation of the ban in China.
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DOI：
10.1073/pnas.1714389115
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发表时间：
2018-03-13
影响因子：
11.1
通讯作者：
Tao S
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Xu Y;Shen H;Yun X;Gao F;Chen Y;Li B;Liu J;Ma J;Wang X;Liu X;Tian C;Xing B;Tao S
目前，中国执行了许多环境法律法规，但它们的绩效往往得不到很好的评价。在本研究中，对蜂窝焦炉的运行、对蜂窝焦炉的禁令以及禁令执行缓慢的健康影响进行了定量评估，显示了不仅立法的重要性，而且法律执行的重要性。本研究提供了一个很好的例子，说明如何对环境立法和实施进行评估，以科学地支持决策。环境立法和适当实施对环境保护至关重要。过去，蜂窝式焦炉（BCOs）在中国很流行，导致苯并[a]芘（BaP）的大量排放，苯并[a]芘是一种致癌多环芳烃的常见指标。1996年《煤炭法》禁止bco。尽管自禁令实施以来，BCO数量有所下降，但由于执行不力，直到2011年才被消除。在这里，我们提出了对历史上BCO操作的健康影响、禁令的健康效益以及禁令执行不力的不利影响的定量评估结果。在官方统计数据有限的情况下，基于卫星图像重建了BCOs的历史和地理空间数据。编制了BaP排放清单，并用于模拟大气传输、非职业人群暴露和诱发肺癌风险。我们证明，在高峰年份，环境空气中超过20%的BaP来自bco。1982年至2015年，BCOs相关BaP的累积非职业过量肺癌病例为3500例（±1500例）。如果没有禁令，病例将高达9290例（±4300例），这表明《煤炭法》对健康有重大好处。相反，如果在1996年实施后立即全面实施，累计件数将达到1500件（±620件），可见实施的重要性。
At present, many environmental laws and regulations are enforced in China, but they are often not well evaluated for their performance. In this study, the health effects of beehive coke oven operations, the ban of the ovens, and the slow implementation of the ban were assessed quantitatively, showing the importance of not only the legislation but also the implementation of the law. This study provides a good example that shows how environmental legislation and implementation can be evaluated to scientifically support decision making. Environmental legislation and proper implementation are critical in environmental protection. In the past, beehive coke ovens (BCOs) were popular in China, resulting in enormous emissions of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), a common indicator of carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. BCOs were banned by the Coal Law in 1996. Although BCO numbers have declined since the ban, they were not eliminated until 2011 due to poor implementation. Here, we present the results of a quantitative evaluation of the health effects of historical BCO operation, the health benefits of the ban, and the adverse impacts of the poor implementation of the ban. With only limited official statistics available, historical and geospatial data about BCOs were reconstructed based on satellite images. Emission inventories of BaP from BCOs were compiled and used to model atmospheric transport, nonoccupational population exposure, and induced lung cancer risk. We demonstrated that more than 20% of the BaP in ambient air was from BCOs in the peak year. The cumulative nonoccupational excess lung cancer cases associated with BaP from BCOs was 3,500 (±1,500) from 1982 to 2015. If there was no ban, the cases would be as high as 9,290 (±4,300), indicating the significant health benefits of the Coal Law. On the other hand, if the ban had been fully implemented immediately after the law was enforced in 1996, the cumulative cases would be 1,500 (±620), showing the importance of implementing the law.
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