Abundances of the elements in the solar system
Abundances of the elements in the solar system
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DOI：
10.1007/978-3-540-88055-4_34
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发表时间：
2009-01
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
K. Lodders;H. Palme;H. Gail
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
K. Lodders;H. Palme;H. Gail
地球化学家维克托莫里茨·戈德施勒首次认真尝试建立一个全面的“宇宙丰度”列表。在上个世纪的20年代和30年代，Goldschmidt和他在哥廷根的同事们，后来在奥斯陆，测量和汇编了地球岩石，陨石和陨石各个阶段的化学数据。基于这些数据，Goldschmidt [38 G]建立了一个宇宙丰度表，并于1938年在其题为“Die Mengenverhältnisse der Elemente und der Atom-Arten”（元素和各种类型原子的比例）的“Geochemische Verteilungsgesetze der Elemente”（元素分布的地球化学定律）第九卷中发表。和1915年的法林顿一样，戈德施泰特相信陨石可能提供了宇宙物质的平均组成。他意识到，大多数陨石应该是宇宙物质的代表，因为它们没有受到物理化学过程（例如，熔化和结晶）的影响，而地球的地壳，是在地幔熔化形成金属核后形成的，并不能代表地球的整体成分。地球的整体成分应该是宇宙物质的平均成分。Goldschmidt通过使用陨石阶段元素丰度的加权平均值计算宇宙物质中元素的平均浓度：金属（2份），硫化物（1份）和硅酸盐（10份）。由于陨石中的高挥发性元素（C、O、N、稀有气体）已经耗尽，因此Goldschmidt用罗素在1929年获得的太阳光球丰度数据修改了他的丰度表[29 R]。在他的太阳丰度列表中，罗素结合了戈德施泰特早期关于陨石的工作，以推导出元素的丰度分布。Goldschmidt和Russell的列表具有我们今天所知的太阳系丰度的大多数主要特征：H和He占主导地位，丰度随着原子序数的增加而急剧下降，Li，Be和B的丰度非常低，并且在56 Fe处有明显的丰度峰值。这些列表也证实了原子序数为偶数的元素的丰度明显高于其奇数邻居，这是奥多和哈金斯在20世纪10年代和20年代发现的元素，直到Fe峰（[17 H]）。在他的论文中，Goldschmidt [38 G]简要地评论了超铀元素的存在。他还认识到，占优势的核素质量数为50和82，其中除其他事项导致核壳模型。大约20年后，Brown [49 B]和Suess和Urey [56 S]发表了新的丰度表。苏斯和尤里的汇编对核合成理论[57 B，57 C]和核天体物理学的发展具有特别的影响。后来的汇编（[73 C，89 A，93 P，03 P1，03 L]和其他）考虑了改进的陨石和太阳光球光谱的分析数据。
The first serious attempt to establish a comprehensive list of “cosmic abundances” was made by the geochemist Victor Moritz Goldschmidt. During the 20s and 30s of the last century Goldschmidt and his colleagues in Göttingen, and later in Oslo, measured and compiled chemical data of terrestrial rocks, meteorites and individual phases of meteorites. Based on these data Goldschmidt [38G] set up a cosmic abundance table which he published in 1938 in the ninth volume of his “Geochemische Verteilungsgesetze der Elemente”(The geochemical laws of the distribution of the elements) entitled “Die Mengenverhältnisse der Elemente und der Atom-Arten”(The proportions of the elements and the various types of atoms). Like Farrington in 1915, Goldschmidt believed that meteorites might provide the average composition of cosmic matter. He realized that most meteorites should be representative of average cosmic matter because they have not been affected by physico-chemical processes (eg, melting and crystallization), whereas the crust of the Earth, which formed after formation of a metal core by melting of the mantle, is not representative of the Earth’s bulk composition. The bulk Earth composition should be that of average cosmic matter. Goldschmidt calculated the average concentrations of elements in cosmic matter by using a weighted mean of element abundances in meteorite phases: metal (2 parts), sulfide (1 part) and silicates (10) parts. Since the highly volatile elements (C, O, N, rare gases), are depleted in meteorites, Goldschmidt amended his abundance list with Russell’s abundance data of the solar photosphere that had become available in 1929 [29R]. In his list of solar abundances, Russell incorporated earlier work on meteorites by Goldschmidt to derive the abundance distribution of the elements. Goldschmidt’s and Russell’s lists had most of the major features of the Solar System abundances as we know them today: The dominance of H and He, the strong decrease in abundance with increasing atomic number, the very low abundances of Li, Be, and B, and the pronounced abundance peak at 56Fe. These lists also confirmed the significantly higher abundances of elements with even atomic number than that of their odd-numbered neighbors which had been discovered before by Oddo and Harkins in the 1910s and 20s for elements up to the Fe-peak ([17H]). In his paper, Goldschmidt [38G] commented briefly on the existence of transuranian elements. He also recognized the preponderance of nuclides with mass numbers of 50 and 82 which among other things led to the nuclear shell model. Almost 20 years later Brown [49B] and Suess and Urey [56S] published new abundance tables. The Suess and Urey compilation was particularly influential for theories of nucleosynthesis [57B, 57C] and for the development of nuclear astrophysics in general. Later compilations ([73C, 89A, 93P, 03P1, 03L] and others) took into account improved analytical data of meteorites and of the solar photospheric spectrum.