Nitrogen Challenges and Opportunities for Agricultural and Environmental Science in India
Nitrogen Challenges and Opportunities for Agricultural and Environmental Science in India
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DOI：
10.3389/fsufs.2021.505347
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发表时间：
2021-02-18
影响因子：
4.7
通讯作者：
Sutton, Mark A.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Moring, Andrea;Hooda, Sunila;Sutton, Mark A.
在过去的60年里，印度肥料形式的活性氮（N-r）的消费量迅速增长，而种植系统的氮利用效率（NUE）却在下降。这些趋势已导致环境中氮的损失增加，威胁空气、土壤和淡水沃茨的质量，从而危及气候稳定性、生态系统和人类健康。由于印度的化肥消费量到2050年可能会翻一番，因此迫切需要科学研究来支持印度农业中更好的氮管理。为了分享知识和发展共同愿景，来自英国和印度的专家聚集在一起参加了一个关于“印度农业氮科学的挑战和机遇”的会议和研讨会。“会议结束时提出了三个核心信息：（1）土壤管理至关重要，豆类需要与谷物轮流种植，以增加氮素供应有限地区的固氮作用。合成共生体和质体固氮可能是破坏性技术，但必须考虑其潜力和影响。(2)需要分享和利用作物的遗传多样性和新技术，以减少氮素损失，支持生产性和可持续的农业生计。(3)叶色传感的使用显示出减少氮肥使用的巨大潜力（10-15%）。再加上在印楝包膜尿素中使用脲酶抑制剂，以及更好地管理粪便、尿液和作物残留物，到2030年，印度的NUE可能会提高20-25%。
In the last six decades, the consumption of reactive nitrogen (N-r) in the form of fertilizer in India has been growing rapidly, whilst the nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) of cropping systems has been decreasing. These trends have led to increasing environmental losses of N-r, threatening the quality of air, soils, and fresh waters, and thereby endangering climate-stability, ecosystems, and human-health. Since it has been suggested that the fertilizer consumption of India may double by 2050, there is an urgent need for scientific research to support better nitrogen management in Indian agriculture. In order to share knowledge and to develop a joint vision, experts from the UK and India came together for a conference and workshop on "Challenges and Opportunities for Agricultural Nitrogen Science in India." The meeting concluded with three core messages: (1) Soil stewardship is essential and legumes need to be planted in rotation with cereals to increase nitrogen fixation in areas of limited N-r availability. Synthetic symbioses and plastidic nitrogen fixation are possibly disruptive technologies, but their potential and implications must be considered. (2) Genetic diversity of crops and new technologies need to be shared and exploited to reduce N losses and support productive, sustainable agriculture livelihoods. (3) The use of leaf color sensing shows great potential to reduce nitrogen fertilizer use (by 10-15%). This, together with the usage of urease inhibitors in neem-coated urea, and better management of manure, urine, and crop residues, could result in a 20-25% improvement in NUE of India by 2030.