Development of a GPS Herd Activity and Well-Being Kit (GPS HAWK) to Monitor Cattle Behavior and the Effect of Sample Interval on Travel Distance
Development of a GPS Herd Activity and Well-Being Kit (GPS HAWK) to Monitor Cattle Behavior and the Effect of Sample Interval on Travel Distance
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开发 GPS 牛群活动和健康套件 (GPS HAWK) 以监测牛的行为以及采样间隔对行驶距离的影响
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发表时间：
2011
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通讯作者：
J. Russell
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作者：
Jeremiah D. Davis;M. Darr;H. Xin;J. Harmon;J. Russell
作为商业GPS跟踪项圈的替代品，开发了低成本的GPS牛群活动和健康套件（GPS HAWK），以高采样频率（20 s）监测牛的运动行为。GPS HAWK的操作目标是以用户指定的频率收集GPS位置数据，并以安全格式（压缩闪存介质）存储数据以供检索，并优化功耗以延长采样周期。GPS HAWK使用Garmin 12通道低功耗GPS接收器，由密封铅酸电池供电，密封铅酸电池装在铝制外壳中，安装在肩扛式线束上。GPS HAWK收集的数据被用来确定个人每日旅行距离（DTD）和采样间隔（SI）对该测量的影响。使用具有可用数据的动物，在四天的DTD中显示差异（P < 0.0001）。安格斯牛（Bos Tarus L.）平均4.05 ± 0.14 km/d（2.52 ± 0.09 mi/d）。采样间隔（SI）对DTD有影响。除了60-和120-s间隔之间的差异外，所有SI均检测到DTD差异（P < 0.0001）。将SI从20 s改变为20 min，平均DTD减少了1.68 km或44%。通过增加采样间隔，可以引入GPS监测的牛能量学估计值中的显著误差。因此，研究人员必须考虑由于采样不足而导致DTD中的误差增加，因为SI增加以节省电池电量并增加动物处理期之间的间隔。保持GPS系统在适当的地方一贯与肩膀安装背带被证明是有点挑战性。
As an alternative to commercial GPS tracking collars, a low-cost GPS Herd Activity and Well-being Kit (GPS HAWK) was developed to monitor locomotion behavior of cattle at a high sampling frequency (20 s). The operational goal of the GPS HAWK was to collect GPS location data at a user-specified frequency and store the data in a secure format (compact flash media) for retrieval and optimize power consumption to extend the sampling period. The GPS HAWK uses a Garmin 12-channel low-power GPS receiver powered by a sealed-lead acid battery housed in an aluminum enclosure on a shoulder-mounted harness. Data gathered by the GPS HAWKs were used to determine individual daily travel distance (DTD) and the effect of sample interval (SI) on this measurement. Differences (P < 0.0001) were shown in DTD across four days using animals with available data. The Angus cows (Bos Tarus L.) averaged 4.05 ± 0.14 km/d (2.52 ± 0.09 mi/d) during the four days. Sample interval (SI) had an effect on DTD. Differences in DTD were detected for all SIs (P < 0.0001) except between the 60- and 120-s intervals. By changing the SI from 20 s to 20 min, the mean DTD decreased by 1.68 km or 44%. Significant errors in estimates of cattle energetics from GPS monitoring can be introduced by increasing sampling interval. Therefore, researchers must account for increasing error in DTD due to undersampling as SI is increased to save battery power and to increase the interval between animal handling periods. Holding the GPS system in place consistently with a shoulder mounted harness proved to be somewhat challenging.