CLINICAL AND ANATOMICAL STUDIES ON TWO CATS WITHOUT NEOCORTEX
CLINICAL AND ANATOMICAL STUDIES ON TWO CATS WITHOUT NEOCORTEX
复制标题
两只没有新皮质的猫的临床和解剖学研究
作者：
G. Schaltenbrand;S. Cobb
两只猫没有新皮层的临床和解剖学描述。在第一次手术中，两个大脑半球都被从丘脑前部切除;这只动物在第二次手术后存活了9天。它表现出清醒和睡眠的状态，醒着的时候，它做着毫无意义的马戏团运动。它不会自发进食。
另一只动物的后脑和纹状体完好无损;这只动物在第二次手术后存活了五个月。在第二次手术后，它立即表现出比丘脑猫更大的活动性和更大的运动和反应多样性。它自发地达到和吃它的食物，有一段时间它有多饮，多食和多尿，这可能是由于右侧丝状核的破坏。手术后，动物立即出现明显的四肢摇动反射;这被证明是用于清洁或干燥爪子的正常摇动反射的放大。这只动物自发地清洁它的皮毛。它的运动活动，当记录在一个“活动笼”，被发现是远远大于正常的猫。这种过度的活动是由噪音激发，并增加感染线虫和疥癣。
在旋转轮上研究了旋转性眼震和后眼震，结果表明，它们遵循与正常动物和人类相同的规律，只要旋转速度和旋转量保持在生理限度内，急动的次数主要取决于旋转的程度。在较长的旋转后，眼球震颤呈现出对加速度反应的特征。
在动物被杀死之前，对大脑的剩余部分进行电刺激，发现有两个点肯定是兴奋的。第一个被证明是前连合;刺激这个产生与嗅觉和进食有关的运动，如鼻子的收缩，舔，移动胡须和咀嚼。第二个穴位位于髓帆上一个小的逗号形核的上方;刺激它会引起排尿和呼吸节律的变化。
解剖学检查表明，手术的目的大体上已经达到;剩下的几部分新皮层与脑干没有纤维连接。
丘脑前部和外侧部严重萎缩。这种萎缩在纹状体受损的左侧更为明显。
Two cats without neocortex are described clinically and anatomically. In the first both cerebral hemispheres were removed anterior to the thalamus; this animal lived for nine days after the second operation. It exhibited states of waking and sleep, and when awake it made purposeless circus movements. It did not eat spontaneously.
In the other animal the rhinencephalon and striatum were left intact; this animal was kept alive for five months after the second operation. Immediately after the second operation it showed much more activity and a greater variety of movements and of reactivity than the thalamus cat. It reached and ate its food spontaneously, and for a time it had polydypsia, polyphagia and polyuria, which were probably due to destruction of the right nucleus filiformis. Immediately after the operation the animal developed a well-marked shaking reflex of the extremities; this was shown to be an exaggeration of the normal shaking reflex which serves to clean or dry the paws. The animal cleaned its fur spontaneously. Its motor activity, when recorded in an “activity cage,” was found to be much greater than that of a normal cat. This excessive activity was excited by noise, and increased during infection by nematodes and mange.
Rotational nystagmus and after-nystagmus were studied on a rotating wheel, and were shown to follow the same rules as in intact animals and in man. As long as the speed and the amount of rotation were kept within physiological limits, the number of jerks depended chiefly on the degree of rotation. On longer rotation the after-nystagmus assumed the characters of a reaction to acceleration.
Electrical stimulation, immediately before the animal was killed, of those portions of the brain which remained revealed two points which were definitely excitable. The first proved to be the anterior commissure; stimulation of this produced movements relating to smelling and eating, as puckering of the nose, licking, moving the whiskers and chewing. The second point lay above a small comma-shaped nucleus in the velum medullare; stimulation of it gave rise to urination and changes in the respiratory rhythm.
The anatomical examination showed that, on the whole, the aim of the operations had been attained; the few portions of the neocortex which had been left had no fibre connections with the brain-stem.
The anterior and lateral parts of the thalami had undergone severe atrophy. This atrophy was more marked on the left side on which the striatum had been damaged.