Deciding advantageously before knowing the advantageous strategy
Deciding advantageously before knowing the advantageous strategy
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DOI：
10.1126/science.275.5304.1293
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发表时间：
1997-02-28
期刊：
影响因子：
56.9
通讯作者：
Damasio, AR
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Bechara, A;Damasio, H;Damasio, AR
在复杂的情况下做出有利的决定被认为需要基于陈述性知识的公开推理，即关于体现相关先前经验的前提、行动选择和行动结果的事实。研究了另一种可能性：公开推理之前有一个无意识的偏向步骤，它使用的是支持陈述性知识的神经系统以外的神经系统。正常参与者和有前额叶损伤和决策缺陷的患者执行一项赌博任务，其中行为、心理生理和自我解释的测量是平行进行的。正常人在意识到哪种策略最有效之前就开始做出有利的选择，而额叶前部的患者即使知道正确的策略也会继续选择不利的策略。此外，当正常人在明确知道这是一个有风险的选择之前，每当他们考虑一个最终被证明是有风险的选择时，他们就开始产生预期的皮肤电导反应(SCR)，而患者从未出现预期的SCR，尽管一些人最终意识到哪些选择是有风险的。结果表明，在正常人中，无意识的偏见先于有意识的知识指导行为。如果没有这些偏见的帮助，公开的知识可能不足以确保有利的行为。
Deciding advantageously in a complex situation is thought to require overt reasoning on declarative knowledge, namely, on facts pertaining to premises, options for action, and outcomes of actions that embody the pertinent previous experience. An alternative possibility was investigated: that overt reasoning is preceded by a nonconscious biasing step that uses neural systems other than those that support declarative knowledge. Normal participants and patients with prefrontal damage and decision-making defects performed a gambling task in which behavioral, psychophysiological, and self-account measures were obtained in parallel. Normals began to choose advantageously before they realized which strategy worked best, whereas prefrontal patients continued to choose disadvantageously even after they knew the correct strategy. Moreover, normals began to generate anticipatory skin conductance responses (SCRs) whenever they pondered a choice that turned out to be risky, before they knew explicitly that it was a risky choice, whereas patients never developed anticipatory SCRs, although some eventually realized which choices were risky. The results suggest that, in normal individuals, nonconscious biases guide behavior before conscious knowledge does. Without the help of such biases, overt knowledge may be insufficient to ensure advantageous behavior.