Modulation of nociceptive and acoustic startle responses to an unpredictable threat in men and women
Modulation of nociceptive and acoustic startle responses to an unpredictable threat in men and women
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DOI：
10.1016/j.pain.2011.03.001
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发表时间：
2011-07-01
期刊：
影响因子：
7.4
通讯作者：
Naliboff, Bruce D.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Hubbard, Catherine S.;Ornitz, Edward;Naliboff, Bruce D.
本研究探讨了是否适度厌恶腹部威胁会导致更大的增强，在情感和疼痛相关的防御反应，指数的声惊吓反射（ASR）和伤害性屈曲反射（NFR）在女性相比，男性。我们还预测了性别差异的威胁相关的自主觉醒测量皮肤电导反应（SCR）声惊吓和伤害性腓肠神经刺激。不可预测的威胁通过交替30秒的安全（“不会给予腹部刺激”）和威胁（“腹部刺激可能在任何时候发生”）时间段来操纵。实验由2个区组组成，每个区组包含4个安全期和4个威胁期，其中在期开始后9-21秒随机探测ASR或NFR。不可预测的腹部威胁加强ASR和NFR反应相比，期间信号安全。在威胁期与安全期，声惊吓探针和有害腓肠神经刺激的SCR也显著升高。ASR或惊吓诱发的SCR没有性别差异。然而，伤害性反应是温和的性别，女性表现出显着增加的NFR幅度在安全和威胁期间相比，男性。女性也表现出更大的威胁增强SCR腓肠神经刺激比男性。我们的研究结果表明，与情感和疼痛相关的防御和唤醒系统都受到令人厌恶的不可预测事件的威胁的强烈影响，这种情况与预期焦虑有关。女性，男性相比，表现出更大的伤害性反应和疼痛调制时，暴露于一个不可预测的威胁的情况下，而影响驱动的ASR反应没有表现出这样的性别分化。由Elsevier B. V.代表国际疼痛研究协会出版。
The present study examined whether a moderately aversive abdominal threat would lead to greater enhancement in affect-and pain-related defensive responding as indexed by the acoustic startle reflex (ASR) and nociceptive flexion reflex (NFR) in women compared to men. We also predicted sex differences in threat-related autonomic arousal measured by skin conductance responses (SCRs) to acoustic startle and noxious sural nerve stimulation. Unpredictable threat was manipulated by alternating 30-second safe ("no abdominal stimulation will be given'') and threat ("abdominal stimulation may occur at anytime'') periods. The experiment consisted of 2 blocks, each containing 4 safe and 4 threat periods in which the ASR or NFR was randomly probed 9-21 seconds following period onset. Unpredictable abdominal threat potentiated both ASR and NFR responses compared to periods signaling safety. SCRs to acoustic startle probes and noxious sural nerve stimulation were also significantly elevated during the threat vs safe periods. No sex differences in ASR or startle-evoked SCRs emerged. However, nociceptive responding was moderated by sex; females showed significant increases in NFR magnitudes across both safe and threat periods compared to males. Females also showed greater threat-potentiated SCRs to sural nerve stimulation than males. Our findings indicate that both affect-and pain-related defense and arousal systems are strongly influenced by threat of an aversive, unpredictable event, a situation associated with anticipatory anxiety. Females, compared to males, showed greater nociceptive responding and pain modulation when exposed to an unpredictable threatening context, whereas affect-driven ASR responses showed no such sex differentiation. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of International Association for the Study of Pain.