Health Warning Labels for Smokeless Tobacco: The Impact of Graphic Images on Attention, Recall, and Craving
Health Warning Labels for Smokeless Tobacco: The Impact of Graphic Images on Attention, Recall, and Craving
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DOI：
10.1093/ntr/ntx021
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发表时间：
2017-10-01
影响因子：
4.7
通讯作者：
Wewers, Mary Ellen
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Klein, Elizabeth G.;Quisenberry, Amanda J.;Wewers, Mary Ellen
简介：很少有研究探讨了无烟烟草产品users of smoking tobacco products.Methods的图形健康警告的影响：一个方便的样本，过去一个月，男性无烟烟草用户（n = 142; 100%男性）被随机分配到查看无烟烟草广告的图形健康警告（GHW）或文字警告。眼球追踪设备测量观看时间，或停留时间，以毫秒为单位。在广告曝光后，参与者自我报告无烟烟草渴望并回忆健康警告信息中的任何内容（无辅助回忆）。线性和逻辑回归分析评估的比例的时间观看GHW，渴望，和GHW recall.Results：与会者谁看到了GHW花了显着更大的比例，他们的广告观看时间GHW（2.87秒或30%），相比，那些只看文字警告（2.05秒或24%）。虽然在总广告观看持续时间方面没有显著差异，但与仅文本警告相比，观看GHW的参与者对健康警告信息的回忆增加（76%有任何警告信息回忆，而53%; p <0.05）。广告曝光后的自我报告渴望在GHW中低于纯文本条件，但差异无统计学意义（在10分制量表上的评分为4.4 vs. 5.3; p = 0.08）。结论：在农村男性无烟烟草使用者中，与纯文本警告相比，GHW吸引了更多的关注，并更好地回忆起健康警告信息。在农村无烟烟草使用者的样本中，当在无烟烟草广告中观看时，与纯文本警告相比，GHW吸引了更多的关注和对健康警告信息的回忆。这些发现提供了额外的实证支持，GHW是所有烟草产品和广告的有效烟草控制工具。
Introduction: Little research has examined the impacts of graphic health warnings on the users of smokeless tobacco products.Methods: A convenience sample of past-month, male smokeless tobacco users (n = 142; 100% male) was randomly assigned to view a smokeless tobacco advertisement with a graphic health warning (GHW) or a text-only warning. Eye-tracking equipment measured viewing time, or dwell time, in milliseconds. Following the advertisement exposure, participants self-reported smokeless tobacco craving and recalled any content in the health warning message (unaided recall). Linear and logistic regression analyses evaluated the proportion of time viewing the GHW, craving, and GHW recall.Results: Participants who viewed a GHW spent a significantly greater proportion of their ad viewing time on GHWs (2.87 seconds or 30%), compared to those viewing a text-only warning (2.05 seconds or 24%). Although there were no significant differences by condition in total advertisement viewing duration, those participants viewing a GHW had increased recall of health warning messages compared to the text-only warning (76% had any warning message recall compared to 53%; p < .05). Self-reported craving after advertisement exposure was lower in the GHW compared to text-only condition, but the difference was not statistically significant (a rating of 4.4 vs. 5.3 on a 10-point scale; p = .08).Conclusions: GHWs attracted greater attention and greater recall of health warning messages compared to text-only warnings among rural male smokeless tobacco users.Implications: Among a sample of rural smokeless tobacco users, GHWs attracted more attention and recall of health warning messages compared to text-only warnings when viewed within smokeless tobacco advertising. These findings provide additional empirical support that GHWs are an effective tobacco control tool for all tobacco products and advertisements.