Effects of Visual and Acoustic Distraction on Driving Behavior and EEG in Young and Older Car Drivers: A Driving Simulation Study
Effects of Visual and Acoustic Distraction on Driving Behavior and EEG in Young and Older Car Drivers: A Driving Simulation Study
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DOI：
10.3389/fnagi.2018.00420
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发表时间：
2018-12-18
影响因子：
4.8
通讯作者：
Getzmann, Stephan
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Karthaus, Melanie;Wascher, Edmund;Getzmann, Stephan
驾驶安全取决于驾驶员对驾驶任务的注意力集中。特别是在复杂的情况下，由于二次刺激引起的分心会损害驾驶性能。对干扰物的抑制或对无关刺激的不充分的优势反应需要认知控制，这被认为是随着年龄的增长而减少的。本研究探讨了二次听觉和视觉刺激对年轻和老年汽车驾驶员在驾驶模拟器任务的驾驶性能的影响。参与者必须在不同的分心条件和不同的任务难度下对前车的刹车灯做出反应。总体而言，高要求的任务的预期影响制动反应行为的年轻人，特别是在老年人，谁表现出减少认知控制任务相关的制动刺激，反映了一个较小的P3B。在一个更容易（感知）的任务，同时提出的声音刺激加速制动响应时间（RT）在年轻人和老年人，这是与一个明显的P2。与此相反，次要视觉刺激增加老年人的制动RT，与减少P3b。在一个更困难的（歧视）的任务，制动响应行为受损的存在下，二次听觉和视觉刺激的年轻和老年司机。制动RT增加（和P3b下降），特别是当反应的二级刺激被抑制。这种负面影响在视觉二级刺激中更为明显，尤其是在老年组中。总之，研究结果表明，老年驾驶员对干扰干扰的抵抗力受损，对优势反应的抑制减少。当任务相关和不相关刺激的处理涉及相同的心理资源时，例如，通过共享相同的刺激模态，这一点最为明显。
Driving safety depends on the drivers' attentional focus on the driving task. Especially in complex situations, distraction due to secondary stimuli can impair driving performance. The inhibition of distractors or inadequate prepotent responses to irrelevant stimuli requires cognitive control, which is assumed to be reduced with increasing age. The present EEG study investigated the effects of secondary acoustic and visual stimuli on driving performance of younger and older car drivers in a driving simulator task. The participants had to respond to brake lights of a preceding car under different distraction conditions and with varying task difficulties. Overall, the anticipation of high demanding tasks affected braking response behavior in young and especially in older adults, who showed reduced cognitive control to task-relevant braking stimuli, as reflected by a smaller P3b. In a more easy (perception only) task, simultaneously presented acoustic stimuli accelerated braking response times (RTs) in young and older adults, which was associated with a pronounced P2. In contrast, secondary visual stimuli increased braking RTs in older adults, associated with a reduced P3b. In a more difficult (discrimination) task, braking response behavior was impaired by the presence of secondary acoustic and visual stimuli in young and older drivers. Braking RT increased (and the P3b decreased), especially when the responses to the secondary stimuli had to be suppressed. This negative effect was more pronounced with visual secondary stimuli, and especially so in the older group. In sum, the results suggest an impaired resistance to distractor interference and a reduced inhibition of prepotent responses in older drivers. This was most pronounced when the processing of task-relevant and irrelevant stimuli engage the same mental resources, for example, by sharing the same stimulus modality.