Raise the Debt: How Developing Countries Choose Their Creditors. By Jonas B. Bunte. New York: Oxford University Press, 2019. 294p. $99.00 cloth, $29.95 paper.
Raise the Debt: How Developing Countries Choose Their Creditors. By Jonas B. Bunte. New York: Oxford University Press, 2019. 294p. $99.00 cloth, $29.95 paper.
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举债：发展中国家如何选择债权人。
DOI：
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发表时间：
2020
影响因子：
3.8
通讯作者：
M. DiGiuseppe
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
M. DiGiuseppe
无人驾驶飞行器（UAV;第106页）。大多数读者会发现这些例子非常相关，并且可能对围绕它们的相关伦理争议有所了解。虽然Bousquet的工作不是直接干预这些辩论，但他的历史叙述将这些发展置于背景中，使人们有可能识别当今最复杂系统的独特特征。我们现在正在想象一种视觉表现系统，它不受屏幕的限制（第113页），能够描绘一种三维虚拟现实，消除人类与技术之间的界限。Bousquet展示了新技术（我们可能会将其与尖端的电脑游戏联系起来）如何能够将人类感知与机器感官描绘融合在一起。例如，最有趣的技术之一是飞行员头盔，它可以跟踪眼睛运动和手势，以及创建一个“虚拟驾驶舱”，不仅可以呈现周围环境的不同图像，还可以显示威胁警告系统或地形图。然而，这个“超级驾驶舱计划从未实现”（第117页），因此只是这本书中失败技术的许多例子之一。在整本书中，Bousquet给出了一些没有实现的有远见的技术的例子，从而强调技术的发展从来没有我们想象的那样线性。在第四章“地图绘制”中，布斯凯重点讨论了越来越精确的地图绘制技术，以及我们如何不仅将地图理解为现实的表现，而且将其理解为空间的社会生产。如今，数字地图也是一种“沟通渠道”和“认知推动者”（第143页）。不仅在军事领域，地图也是世界定位的关键技术。布斯凯讨论了至关重要的地理学家，但也强调了地图的工具功能（第121页）。地图在提供方向方面可能“更好”或“更差”。这似乎是一个显而易见的观点，但技术的批评学者往往淡化技术的工具性功能，试图质疑其影响。最后一个实质性的章节，“隐藏”，通过研究伪装技术，将前面的经验检验带到了它的逻辑结论。虽然用一章反策略来结束是有意义的，但这一章缺乏技术重点和细节，使其他章节更容易理解。Bousquet描述了不同的伪装技术，并强调了科学家和艺术家在其发展中的影响。这里很明显，我们对视觉感知的知识仍然存在许多空白，伪装科学也没有完全理解。结论进一步发展了这样一种观点，即技术发展和战争的进行不仅是联系在一起的，而且还可以告诉我们关于政治的更普遍的东西。确定目标和确定身份的过程也是主体化的过程（第196页）。古典的政治主题是集中观察的结果，而今天，针对性做法的对象也总是其主题（第197页）。在这最后一章中，布斯凯开辟了一条道路，将他的实证分析嵌入到军事革命的更广泛发展和数字化的一般社会影响中，这在前几章中有所暗示。人们希望这一部分能得到更多的发展，因为它将允许从政治社会学的角度更深入地理解感知技术，认真对待主观化，权力和秩序的问题。总的来说，这本书不仅对关键军事研究的学者感兴趣，而且对视觉技术历史和安全技术化更普遍感兴趣的研究人员也感兴趣。
unmanmed aerial vehicles (UAVs; p. 106). Most readers will find these examples highly relevant and probably know something about the related ethical controversies surrounding them. Although Bousquet’s work is not a direct intervention into these debates, his historical account puts these developments into context, making it possible to identify the unique features of today’s most sophisticated systems. We are now imagining systems of visual representation that are not bound by a screen (p. 113) and are able to depict a three-dimensional virtual reality that dissolves the boundary between human beings and technology. Bousquet shows how new technology (which we might associate with cutting-edge computer games) is able to merge human perception with machine sensory depiction. For example, one of the most interesting technologies is a helmet for pilots that could track eye movement and hand gestures, as well as creating a “virtual cockpit” that would present not only different images of the immediate surroundings but also a threat warning system or terrain maps. However, this “Super Cockpit program never did reach fruition” (p. 117) and thus serves as only one of many examples in this book of failing technology. Throughout the book Bousquet gives examples of visionary technologies that were not implemented, thereby emphasizing that the development of technology is never as linear as we might think. In Chapter 4, “Mapping,” Bousquet focuses on the ever more precise techniques of mapping and how we can understand maps not only as a representation of reality but also as a social production of space. Today digital maps are also a “communication channel” and “cognitive enabler” (p. 143). Not only (but especially) in the military, maps are crucial technologies for orientation in the world. Bousquet discusses critically important geographers but also emphasizes the instrumental function of maps (p. 121). Maps can be “better” or “worse” for providing orientation. This seems like an obvious point, but critical scholars of technology tend to play down the instrumental function of technology in their attempts to problematize its impact. The last substantive chapter, “Hiding,” takes the previous empirical examination to its logical conclusion by examining techniques of camouflage. Although it makes sense to conclude with a chapter of counterstrategies, this chapter lacks the technical focus and details that make the other chapters more accessible. Bousquet describes different techniques of camouflage and highlights the influence of scientists and artists in their development. Here it becomes clear that many gaps in our knowledge about visual perception remain and that the science of camouflage is not understood completely yet. The conclusion further develops the idea that technological development and the conduct of warfare are not only linked but also what this can tell us about politics more generally. Processes of targeting and identifying are also processes of subjectification (p. 196). Where the classical political subject was a result of centralized forms of observation, today the object of targeting practices is also always its subject (p. 197). With this final chapter, Bousquet opens up the way to embed his empirical analysis in the broader development of the revolution in military affairs and the general societal effects of digitization that were hinted at in previous chapters. One wishes this part would have been developed more, because it would have allowed for a deeper understanding of perception technology from a political sociological point of view that takes seriously questions of subjectivation, power, and order. Overall, this book will be of interest not only to scholars of critical military studies but also researchers interested in the history of visual technology and the technologization of security more generally.