Simulation of scattered radiation during intraoperative imaging in a virtual reality learning environment
Simulation of scattered radiation during intraoperative imaging in a virtual reality learning environment
复制标题
虚拟现实学习环境中术中成像期间散射辐射的模拟
DOI：
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发表时间：
2020
影响因子：
3
通讯作者：
M. Teistler
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Matthias Süncksen;O. Bott;K. Dresing;M. Teistler
目的通过交互式可视化可以更好地了解使用C形臂进行术中X线摄影时发生的散射辐射。我们开发了一种虚拟现实（VR）方法，用于模拟散射辐射（SSR）作为C型臂训练系统的一部分。在VR中，避免网络病非常重要，这通常是由头部运动和头戴式显示器内的图像呈现之间的延迟增加引起的。由于延迟要求干扰SSR的计算复杂性，因此目标是在中等成本的消费者硬件上同时计算SSR期间保持低延迟。方法为配合VR C形臂模拟器使用，改进了基于CUDA的Monte Carlo SSR，以利用VR图像生成未使用的GPU资源。所得到的SSR数据通过体绘制与伪彩色散射辐射叠加到虚拟手术室可视化。由此产生的交互式VR-SSR环境与手术室人员（ORP）和外科医生使用问卷进行了评价。结果根据成像的身体部位和计算参数，完成一次SSR运行所需的计算时间为1.6和4.2 s（踝关节）和7.9和14.9 s（大腿）之间，VR帧时间为11至12 ms（第95百分位数）。由ORF（n = 46）和外科医生（n = 25）对该系统进行了评估。专业C形臂经验的中位数分别为5年（范围1 - 34）（ORP）和12.5年（范围2 - 48）（外科医生）。78%的ORP和88%的外科医生发现所展示的原型有用。在Likert量表上，两组中超过90%的人“完全同意”VR中显示SSR的方式有助于了解术中散射辐射的暴露。结论利用现成的计算机设备，SSR和VR的互动培训的可行性已被证明。评价参与者对所介绍的方法表现出很高的兴趣。反馈表明，用户体验的可视化有助于了解手术室中的辐射危害。
Purpose Scattered radiation, which occurs when using a C-arm for intraoperative radiography, can be better understood through interactive visualization. We developed a virtual reality (VR) approach for the simulation of scattered radiation (SSR) as part of a C-arm training system. In VR, it is important to avoid cyber sickness, which is often caused by increased latency between head motion and image presentation inside the head-mounted display. As the latency requirement interferes with the computational complexity of the SSR, the goal has been to maintain a low latency during the simultaneous computation of the SSR on moderate-cost consumer hardware. Methods For use with a VR C-arm simulator, a CUDA-based Monte Carlo SSR has been improved to utilize GPU resources unused by the VR image generation. Resulting SSR data are visualized through volume rendering with pseudo-colored scattered radiation superimposed onto the virtual operating room. The resulting interactive VR–SSR environment was evaluated with operating room personnel (ORP) and surgeons using questionnaires. Results Depending on the imaged body part and computation parameters, the required computation time to complete one SSR run was between 1.6 and 4.2 s (ankle) and between 7.9 and 14.9 s (thigh), and VR frame times from 11 to 12 ms (95th percentile). The system was evaluated with ORP ( n = 46) and surgeons ( n = 25). The median of professional C-arm experience was 5 (range 1 to 34) years (ORP) and 12.5 (range 2 to 48) years (surgeons), respectively. The demonstrated prototype was found useful by 78% of ORP and 88% of the surgeons. On a Likert scale, more than 90% of both groups “agreed fully” that the presented way of visualizing SSR in VR helps understanding intraoperative exposure to scattered radiation. Conclusions Leveraging off-the-shelf computer equipment, the feasibility of SSR and VR for interactive training has been demonstrated. Evaluation participants showed a high interest for the presented approach. Feedback suggests that the visualization experienced by the users helps understanding radiation hazards in the operating room.
影响因子：
3.5
作者：
CHAN, HP;DOI, K
通讯作者：
DOI, K