The story of the Higgs boson: the origin of mass in early particle physics

The story of the Higgs boson: the origin of mass in early particle physics
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希格斯玻色子的故事:早期粒子物理学中质量的起源

DOI:
10.1140/epjh/e2014-50026-9
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发表时间:
2015
期刊:
The European Physical Journal H
影响因子:
--
通讯作者:
A. Borrelli
A. Borrelli
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--
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作者:
A. Borrelli

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2012年7月4日,欧洲核子研究中心的科学家宣布,在大型强子对撞机上工作的ATLAS和CMS合作观测到一种粒子,其特征与长期寻找的希格斯玻色子相一致,希格斯玻色子是标准模型中唯一存在怀疑的基本粒子(欧洲核子研究中心2012年7月4日发布的新闻稿)。更全面的数据分析后来证实,发现的粒子完全符合希格斯玻色子的特征:一个标量(即自旋为0)粒子,其相互作用符合标准模型的规定(CERN新闻稿2013年3月14日)。这一结果的科学意义不仅在于进一步证实了标准模型的有效性,而且尤其在于希格斯玻色子在基本粒子中具有特殊地位,这种地位通常被通俗地表达为它“赋予所有其他粒子质量”。希格斯玻色子是如何获得如此特殊的地位的?今天,希格斯粒子和质量起源之间的联系是通过一个通常被称为“希格斯机制”的数学结构来实现的。正如我们稍后将详细讨论的那样,这种机制在今天被描述为“局部规范对称的自发破坏”,并且被视为在20世纪60年代初从广泛的理论家网络的共同努力中出现(Karaca 2013)。几十年来,这种数学结构是理解质量起源的关键,这一观点一直主导着粒子研究,这体现在将研究奖授予一些所谓的创造者的动机上:2004年沃尔夫物理学奖
On July 4th 2012 scientists at CERN announced that the ATLAS and CMS collaborations working at the Large Hadron Collider had observed a particle whose characteristics were compatible with those of the long-sought Higgs boson, the only elementary particle of the Standard Model on whose existence doubts still lingered (CERN press release Jul 4th 2012). More comprehensive data analyses later confirmed that the particle discovered fully matched the profile of the Higgs boson: a scalar (ie spin 0) particle whose interactions fit the prescriptions of the Standard Model (CERN press release Mar 14th 2013). The scientific relevance of this result resides not only in the further confirmation of the validity of the Standard Model, but also, and indeed especially, in the fact that the Higgs boson has a special status among elementary particles, a status often expressed colloquially by saying that it “gives mass” to all others particles.How did the Higgs boson attain such a special status? Today, the connection between the Higgs particle and the origin of mass passes through a mathematical construct usually referred to as the “Higgs mechanism” 1. As we shall discuss in detail later on, this mechanism is today characterized as the “spontaneous breakdown of a local gauge symmetry” and is seen as having emerged in the early 1960s from the combined efforts of a broad network of theorists (Karaca 2013). The perception of this mathematical structure as a key to understanding the origin of mass has dominated particle research since decades, as expressed in the motivations for awarding research prizes to some of its many alleged creators 2: the 2004 Wolf prize in physics “for
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