Effective control test at the interface between the law of international responsibility and the law of international organizations: Managing concerns over the attribution of UN peacekeepers’ conduct to troop-contributing nations
Effective control test at the interface between the law of international responsibility and the law of international organizations: Managing concerns over the attribution of UN peacekeepers’ conduct to troop-contributing nations
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国际责任法与国际组织法之间的有效控制测试：管理对联合国维和人员行为归咎于部队派遣国的担忧
DOI：
10.1017/s0922156519000062
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发表时间：
2019
影响因子：
1.5
通讯作者：
Okada Yohei
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
橋本彩;橋本彩;Okada Yohei
2017年6月27日，在斯雷布雷尼察母亲基金会案中，海牙上诉法院应用有效控制测试来确定归属，并认定荷兰营（荷兰营）作为联合国保护部队（联保部队）的一部分未能保护平民免受1995年斯雷布雷尼察大屠杀的伤害。这一判决具有相当重要的意义，因为法院放弃了荷兰法院一再宣布遵守的对有效控制检验的预防性做法，而恢复了传统的（推定的）做法。最初提出预防性解释是为了证明更广泛地归于部队派遣国是合理的。然而，很有意思的是，上诉法院得出结论认为，荷兰营的行为可归咎于荷兰，而没有诉诸预防性办法。本研究报告认为，联合国维和人员行为归属的法律的框架已经发展到这样一种方式，即公平分配责任和联合国维和行动的有效性处于平衡状态。从这个意义上说，有效控制测试应位于国际责任法和国际组织法之间的界面。这表明，预防性解释不仅未能在体制考虑和为维和人员不当行为受害者提供补救的必要性之间取得公平的平衡，而且推定方法可能导致有效的补救，同时适当考虑到体制考虑。
On 27 June 2017, in the Stichting Mothers of Srebrenica case, The Hague Court of Appeal applied the effective control test in determining attribution and found that the Netherlands was responsible for the failure of the Dutch battalion (Dutchbat) acting as a part of the UN Protection Force (UNPROFOR) to protect civilians from the Srebrenica massacre in 1995. This judgment is of considerable significance because the court renounced the preventive approach to the effective control test, to which the Dutch courts had repeatedly declared their adherence, and reverted to the traditional (presumptive) approach. The preventive interpretation was originally proposed with a view to justifying much broader attribution to troop-contributing nations (TCNs). However, quite interestingly, the Court of Appeal reached the conclusion that the Dutchbat’s conduct was attributable to the Netherlands without recourse to the preventive approach. The present study argues that the legal framework for the attribution of UN peacekeepers’ conduct has developed in such a manner that the fair allocation of responsibility and the effectiveness of UN peacekeeping operations are in equilibrium. In that sense, the effective control test should be located at the interface between the law of international responsibility and the law of international organizations. It is illustrated that not only does the preventive interpretation fail to strike a fair balance between the institutional considerations and the need to provide remedies for victims of peacekeepers’ misconduct, but also the presumptive approach may lead to effective remedies while having due regard for the institutional considerations.