Extensive layer clouds in the global electric circuit: their effects on vertical charge distribution and storage.
Extensive layer clouds in the global electric circuit: their effects on vertical charge distribution and storage.
复制标题
全球电路中的广泛层云：它们对垂直电荷分布和存储的影响。
DOI：
10.1098/rspa.2019.0758
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发表时间：
2020
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Harrison RG
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Harrison RG
近两个世纪以来，人们一直在地球表面附近观察到一个晴天电场。在遥远的扰动天气地区，通过全球电路中的电流，通过电荷产生来维持电场。传统上，全球电路的晴天部分忽略了云，但对气候很重要的广泛的层状云在全球范围内广泛分布。这样的云不是电惰性的，在新的电状态下，在垂直电流的作用下，它们的上下水平边界带电，既不是晴朗的天气，也不是受干扰的天气;因此这里描述的是集合晴朗的天气。计算和测量结果表明，云的上部边界电荷通常为正，云内部为正，下部边界为负，上部电荷密度较大，但与云底的电荷密度大小相同（nCm −2）。在全球范围内，层状云储存的总正电荷约为105 C，与云上方大气柱中的正电荷相结合，直到电离层，平衡了晴朗天气区域的总负表面电荷。因此，广泛的层状云是全球电路的一个内在方面，由此产生的云滴自然充电是一个基本的大气特征。
A fair-weather electric field has been observed near the Earth's surface for over two centuries. The field is sustained by charge generation in distant disturbed weather regions, through current flow in the global electric circuit. Conventionally, the fair-weather part of the global circuit has disregarded clouds, but extensive layer clouds, important to climate, are widespread globally. Such clouds are not electrically inert, becoming charged at their upper and lower horizontal boundaries from vertical current flow, in a new electrical regime—neither fair nor disturbed weather; hence it is described here assemi-fair weather. Calculations and measurements show the upper cloud boundary charge is usually positive, the cloud interior positive and the lower cloud boundary negative, with the upper charge density larger, but of the same magnitude (∼nC m−2) as cloud base. Globally, the total positive charge stored by layer clouds is approximately 105C, which, combined with the positive charge in the atmospheric column above the cloud up to the ionosphere, balances the total negative surface charge of the fair-weather regions. Extensive layer clouds are, therefore, an intrinsic aspect of the global circuit, and the resulting natural charging of their cloud droplets is a fundamental atmospheric feature.