How Donald Trump Fits Into the History of American Populism
How Donald Trump Fits Into the History of American Populism
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唐纳德·特朗普如何融入美国民粹主义历史
DOI：
10.1111/npqu.12033
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发表时间：
2016
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Martin Eiermann
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Martin Eiermann
在2015年夏天的几个月里，美国总统大选开始看起来像是一场要么导致克林顿总统第二次上台，要么导致布什总统第三次上台的竞争。尽管当时的领跑者受到捐赠者和党内当权派的青睐，但王朝冲突的前景却有着令人不安的意味：除了奥巴马的连续两届任期外，自1989年以来，美国一直由布什或克林顿领导。他们在国务院、国防部和白宫核心圈子里任命的许多关键人物，在华盛顿政治中占据主导地位的时间甚至更长，自20世纪70年代初尼克松政府以来，他们一直在政府高层职位上循环。在选举的周期性波动中，华盛顿的精英们坚持了下来。因此，恶心：长久王朝的前景似乎很难与”民有、民治、民享“的民主理想相吻合。这让人想起了托克维尔的警告，他在1835年建议不要把选民逐渐缩小为“一群胆怯而勤劳的动物，政府是它们的牧羊人。但正如劳伦斯·古德温（Lawrence Goodwyn）等历史学家所认为的那样，这种王朝趋势并不反常。长期以来，美国政治一直由精英阶层主导，他们成功地使自己与公众舆论的突发奇想和潮流绝缘。在1789年第一次美国总统选举期间，13个原始殖民地中的7个甚至不允许普选，而只是任命选举人团的代表。当时还没有政党。持续增
For a few balmy months in the summer of 20 15, the US presidential election was beginning to look like a contest that would lead either to the second coming of President Clinton or to a third President Bush. While the then-frontrunners were favored by donors and the party establishment, the prospect of a dynastic clash had unsettling undertones: With the exception of Obama's two consecutive terms, the United States has been led by either a Bush or a Clinton since 1989. Many of their key appointees at the departments of state and defense and within the inner circle of the White House have dominated Washington politics even longer, and have circulated through high government posts since the Nixon administration of the early 1970s. Beltway elites persisted through the periodic swings of the electoral pendulum. Hence the queasiness: The prospect of prolonged dynasties seems hard to square with the ideal of a democracy" of the people, by the people and for the people." It brings to mind the warning words of Alexis de Tocqueville, who had counseled in 1835 against the gradual diminution of the electorate into" a flock of timid and industrious animals, of which the government is the shepherd." But as historians like Lawrence Goodwyn have argued, this dynastic tendency is no anomaly. American politics has long been dominated by an elite that has successfully insulated itself against the whims and tides of public opinion. During the first American presidential election in 1789, seven of the 13 original colonies did not even allow a popular vote but simply appointed delegates to the Electoral College. Political parties did not yet exist. Indeed, the