Centenary paper The evolution of cities: Geddes, Abercrombie and the new physicalism
Centenary paper The evolution of cities: Geddes, Abercrombie and the new physicalism
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DOI：
10.3828/tpr.2009.12
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发表时间：
2009-11-01
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Marshall, Stephen
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Batty, Michael;Marshall, Stephen
100年前，对工业革命城市混乱的第一次协调反应是通过一个中央计划系统建立的，同时，通过帕特里克格迪斯的著作和修辞，支撑这种集体行动的理论雏形也在形成。根据达尔文的自然选择理论，他为应对城市增长奠定了基础，这种应对措施松散地借鉴了进化论的思想，但最终通过在城市和区域规划中实施自上而下的“有机”秩序而建立起来，这与格迪斯最著名的追随者之一帕特里克阿伯克龙比的工作有关。这种方法植根于“物理主义”，一种假设社会问题可以通过操纵物理建筑环境来解决的观点。从世纪中期开始，随着人们对其在创造更宜居和更公平的城市环境方面的有效性的质疑不断增加，这种意识形态开始分裂。然而，现在有迹象表明，随着气候变化、能源和可持续性等当代问题的出现，这一观点正在得到重申。我们认为，这一观点的种子是100年前或更早以前首先发展起来的，主要是由帕特里克格迪斯，但他独特的风格转移了该领域从把握进化物理主义的真实的信息，这是现在才变得明显。
One hundred years ago, the first coordinated reactions to the urban chaos of the industrial revolution were being established though a system of centralised planning, while the rudiments of a theory underpinning this collective action were also being fashioned, through the writings and rhetoric of Patrick Geddes. Drawing on Darwin's theory of natural selection, he laid the foundations for a response to urban growth that drew loosely on ideas of evolution, but which ultimately became established through the imposition of a top-down 'organic' order in city and regional plans associated with the work of Patrick Abercrombie, one of Geddes' best-known followers. This approach was rooted in 'physicalism', a perspective that assumed social problems might be solved by manipulating the physical built environment. This ideology began to fragment from the mid-twentieth century on as questions over its effectiveness in generating more liveable and equitable urban environments grew. Now, however, there are signs that with the contemporary problems of climate change, energy and sustainability, this viewpoint is being reasserted. We argue that the seeds of this perspective were first developed 100 years or more ago, primarily by Patrick Geddes, but that his unique style diverted the field from grasping the real message of an evolutionary physicalism, which is only now becoming apparent.