Ethyl Glucuronide, Ethyl Sulfate, and Ethanol in Urine after Sustained Exposure to an Ethanol-Based Hand Sanitizer
Ethyl Glucuronide, Ethyl Sulfate, and Ethanol in Urine after Sustained Exposure to an Ethanol-Based Hand Sanitizer
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DOI：
10.1093/anatox/35.2.85
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发表时间：
2011-03-01
影响因子：
2.5
通讯作者：
Bertholf, Roger L.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Reisfield, Gary M.;Goldberger, Bruce A.;Bertholf, Roger L.
为了评估持续使用洗手液后酒精吸收的程度和随后尿液中乙基葡萄糖醛酸乙酯和硫酸乙酯的形成，11名志愿者用普瑞利™洗手液(62%乙醇)洗手，每5min一次，连续3d，每次10h。在每天研究的开始和结束以及第四天的早上采集尿样。测定尿肌酐、乙醇、EtG和ETS浓度。在所有研究前尿样中均未检测到ETG，但有两个研究前样本可检测到ETS(73和37 ng/mL)。研究前的样本中没有检测到乙醇。在研究过程中，EtG和ETS的最高浓度分别为2001和84 ng/毫升，几乎所有EtG和ETS阳性的尿样都是在个别研究结束时收集的。只有两个样本在研究开始时检测到ETG(96和139 ng/毫升)，只有一个样本在研究开始时检测到ETS(ng/毫升)，此外还有两个样本在研究之前检测到ETS。经肌酐调整的最高EtG和ETS浓度分别为1998和94微克/克肌酐。在通过尿液EtG浓度监测乙醇使用情况的患者中，目前公认的EtG截断值并没有区分酒精消耗和意外接触，特别是当尿样是在持续使用含乙醇的洗手液后不久获得的时候。我们的数据表明，ETS可能是区分酒精消费和皮肤暴露的一个重要的补充生物标志物。
To assess the degree of ethanol absorption and subsequent formation of urinary ethyl glucuronide (EtG) and ethyl sulfate (EtS) following sustained application of hand sanitizer, 11 volunteers cleansed their hands with Purell™ hand sanitizer (62% ethanol) every 5 min for 10 h on three consecutive days. Urine specimens were obtained at the beginning and end of each day of the study, and on the morning of the fourth day. Urinary creatinine, ethanol, EtG, and EtS concentrations were measured. EtG was undetectable in all pre-study urine specimens, but two pre-study specimens had detectable EtS (73 and 37 ng/mL). None of the pre-study specimens had detectable ethanol. The maximum EtG and EtS concentrations over the course of the study were 2001 and 84 ng/mL, respectively, and nearly all EtG- and EtS-positive urine specimens were collected at the conclusion of the individual study days. Only two specimens had detectable EtG at the beginning of any study day (96 and 139 ng/mL), and only one specimen had detectable EtS at the beginning of a study day (64 ng/mL), in addition to the two with detectable EtS prior to the study. Creatinine-adjusted maximum EtG and EtS concentrations were 1998 and 94 µg/g creatinine, respectively. In patients being monitored for ethanol use by urinary EtG concentrations, currently accepted EtG cutoffs do not distinguish between ethanol consumption and incidental exposures, particularly when urine specimens are obtained shortly after sustained use of ethanol-containing hand sanitizer. Our data suggest that EtS may be an important complementary biomarker in distinguishing ethanol consumption from dermal exposure.