Calibration and characterization of the IceCube photomultiplier tube
Calibration and characterization of the IceCube photomultiplier tube
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DOI：
10.1016/j.nima.2010.03.102
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发表时间：
2010-06-01
影响因子：
1.4
通讯作者：
Zarzhitsky, P.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Abbasi, R.;Abdou, Y.;Zarzhitsky, P.
超过5000个光电倍增管被部署在南极组成冰立方中微子观测站。许多被放置在冰层深处，以探测高能中微子相互作用产物发出的切伦科夫光，另一些则被冷冻在表面的水箱中，以探测来自大气宇宙射线阵雨的粒子。IceCube正在使用10英寸。直径为R7081-02，由Hamamatsu Photonics制造。本文介绍了这些光电倍增管部署前的实验室表征和校准。光电倍增管照明脉冲范围从单光子饱和水平。给出了单光电子电荷谱和饱和行为的参数化。时间分辨率，晚脉冲和后脉冲的特点。由于光电倍增管相对较大，因此测量了阴极灵敏度均匀性。绝对光子探测效率使用来自氮激光器的瑞利散射光子进行校准。测量的特点进行了讨论的背景下，他们的相关性IceCube事件重建和模拟工作。(C)2010 Elsevier B. V.保留所有权利。
Over 5000 PMTs are being deployed at the South Pole to compose the IceCube neutrino observatory. Many are placed deep in the ice to detect Cherenkov light emitted by the products of high-energy neutrino interactions, and others are frozen into tanks on the surface to detect particles from atmospheric cosmic ray showers. IceCube is using the 10-in. diameter R7081-02 made by Hamamatsu Photonics. This paper describes the laboratory characterization and calibration of these PMTs before deployment. PMTs were illuminated with pulses ranging from single photons to saturation level. Parameterizations are given for the single photoelectron charge spectrum and the saturation behavior. Time resolution, late pulses and afterpulses are characterized. Because the PMTs are relatively large, the cathode sensitivity uniformity was measured. The absolute photon detection efficiency was calibrated using Rayleigh-scattered photons from a nitrogen laser. Measured characteristics are discussed in the context of their relevance to IceCube event reconstruction and simulation efforts. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.