Adult stem cells: hopes and hypes of regenerative medicine
Adult stem cells: hopes and hypes of regenerative medicine
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DOI：
10.18388/abp.2015_1023
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发表时间：
2015-01-01
影响因子：
1.7
通讯作者：
Jozkowicz, Alicja
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Dulak, Jozef;Szade, Krzysztof;Jozkowicz, Alicja
干细胞是一种自我更新的细胞，可以分化成专门的细胞类型。多能干细胞，即胚胎干细胞（ESC）或诱导多能干细胞（iPSC）分化成所有三种胚胎谱系的细胞。多能干细胞，如造血干细胞（HSC），可以在特定组织中发育成多个特化细胞。单能细胞仅分化成一种细胞类型，例如骨骼肌的卫星细胞。有许多成功的干细胞临床应用的例子。全世界有超过百万的患者从骨髓移植中受益，骨髓移植用于治疗白血病、贫血或免疫缺陷。皮肤干细胞用于治愈严重烧伤，而角膜缘干细胞可以再生受损的角膜。多能干细胞，特别是患者特异性iPSC，具有巨大的治疗潜力，但其临床应用需要克服许多缺点。因此，使用多能或单能的成体干细胞目前可能是一种更可行的策略。值得注意的是，一些研究将特定的成体干细胞归因于多能性。然而，尽管做出了努力，但诸如“孢子样细胞”、“非常小的胚胎样干细胞”或“多能成体祖细胞”等事件的假定多能性尚未在严格的独立研究中得到证实。此外，被认为可分化为例如心肌细胞的骨髓来源的细胞的可塑性尚未得到肯定的证实，并且如果观察到它们的治疗效果，则其结果是旁分泌活性。在这里，我们讨论的例子，最近的研究在光的干细胞生物学的理解成人干细胞。
Stem cells are self-renewing cells that can differentiate into specialized cell type(s). Pluripotent stem cells, i.e. embryonic stem cells (ESC) or induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) differentiate into cells of all three embryonic lineages. Multipotent stem cells, like hematopoietic stem cells (HSC), can develop into multiple specialized cells in a specific tissue. Unipotent cells differentiate only into one cell type, like e.g. satellite cells of skeletal muscle. There are many examples of successful clinical applications of stem cells. Over million patients worldwide have benefited from bone marrow transplantations performed for treatment of leukemias, anemias or immunodeficiencies. Skin stem cells are used to heal severe burns, while limbal stem cells can regenerate the damaged cornea. Pluripotent stem cells, especially the patient-specific iPSC, have a tremendous therapeutic potential, but their clinical application will require overcoming numerous drawbacks. Therefore, the use of adult stem cells, which are multipotent or unipotent, can be at present a more achievable strategy. Noteworthy, some studies ascribed particular adult stem cells as pluripotent. However, despite efforts, the postulated pluripotency of such events like "spore-like cells", "very small embryonic-like stem cells" or "multipotent adult progenitor cells" have not been confirmed in stringent independent studies. Also plasticity of the bone marrow-derived cells which were suggested to differentiate e.g. into cardiomyocytes, has not been positively verified, and their therapeutic effect, if observed, results rather from the paracrine activity. Here we discuss the examples of recent studies on adult stem cells in the light of current understanding of stem cell biology.