“POINTILLISM” AS A CARTOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUE
“POINTILLISM” AS A CARTOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUE
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“点画派”作为一种制图技术
DOI：
10.1111/j.0033-0124.1953.055_4.x
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发表时间：
1953
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
G. Jenks
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
G. Jenks
地图是理解地理的基本工具;然而，虽然地理学家已经朝着更准确和更详细的地区知识迅速发展，但在许多情况下，制图学未能跟上步伐。我们常常依赖于制图方法，这种方法助长了错误的面积关系概念。这种类型的两种非常常见的地图技术是，用测高色调表示海拔高度，以及使用基于解释的粗对比线表示边界。许多小学生认为，从堪萨斯城到丹佛的旅行中，人们会沿着楼梯上升，穿过两三个1,000英尺宽的平原。垂直台阶同样地，我会指出一个众所周知的地区的边界，比如玉米带。这条连地理学家都无法达成一致的边界，对许多地图使用者来说，意味着农业经济的突然变化;而毫无疑问，绘制这条线的制图师或地理学家意味着它代表了一个许多英里宽的过渡区的中间。这些界限不仅经常被一般地图读者误解，而且事实上，我们的许多同事往往把它们视为真理，制图者继续使用这些技术，不仅因为它们被接受-我们往往不愿打破先例-而且还因为它们有助于迅速和容易地汇编和起草。在区域周围画线并用实心图案或颜色填充这些区域肯定比将阴影从一个混合到另一个要容易得多。
Maps are the basic tools of geographical understanding; yet while geographers have been progressing rapidly toward more accurate and greater detailed knowledge of areas, cartography has, in many instances, failed to keep pace. All too frequently we have relied upon cartographic methodology which promotes erroneous areal relationship concepts. Two very common map techniques of this type are, hypsometric tints to represent altitude and the use of bold contrasting lines for boundaries, which are based upon interpretation. Many are the school children who assume that on a trip from Kansas City to Denver one makes a stairway ascendance passing over literally level plains separated by two or three 1,000 ft. vertical steps. In like manner I would point to the boundary of a well-known area such as the Corn Belt. This boundary, upon which even geographers cannot agree, means an abrupt change in farm economy to many map users; while no doubt the cartographer, or geographer, who drew the line meant it to represent the middle of a zone of transition many miles wide. Not only are such boundaries often misunderstood by the average map reader, they are in fact too often regarded by many of our colleagues as gospel.Cartographers have continued using these techniques not only because they are accepted--and too often we hesitate to break with precedent--but also because they lend themselves to rapid and easy compilation and drafting. It is certainly much easier to draw lines around areas and fill these areas in with solid patterns or colors, than it is to blend shades from one to the other.