Spatial and temporal variability of prokaryotes, viruses, and viral infections of prokaryotes in an alkaline, hypersaline lake
Spatial and temporal variability of prokaryotes, viruses, and viral infections of prokaryotes in an alkaline, hypersaline lake
复制标题
DOI：
10.3354/ame041247
复制
发表时间：
2005-12-23
影响因子：
1.4
通讯作者：
Jellison, R
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Brum, JR;Steward, GF;Jellison, R
莫诺湖是一个碱性、中度高盐的大型湖泊，含有浮游原核生物和病毒，其浓度是天然水生环境中报告的最高浓度之一。我们假设，明显的季节性在物理和生物强迫和强烈的垂直梯度的化学，物理和生物参数，在这meromictic湖将导致显着的时间和空间变异的病毒浓度和病毒感染的原核生物。为了测试这一点，我们调查了时间，垂直和水平的水文变化，微生物浓度，和病毒感染的原核生物在4个站超过10个月的时间在莫诺湖。定量的感染参数包括可见感染细胞的频率（FVIC）、爆发大小、细胞内病毒直径和感染细胞的体积。单个样本中叶绿素a（chla）、原核生物和病毒的浓度分别为3.3至150 μ g l（-1）、0.10至1.2 × 10（11）l（-1）和0.14至1.9 × 10（12）l（-1），每种浓度的最高值都出现在春季。对于所有数据的组合，病毒浓度与原核生物浓度显著相关（r = 0.68，p < 0.001，n = 68），但与叶绿素a无关。群落的FVIC范围为< 0.1 - 3.5%，但在1个样品中球样细胞的FVIC高达13%。平均超过水柱，由于病毒裂解原核生物死亡率的估计分数范围从9月的3.7%，到7月的16%的高。爆发的大小，细胞内病毒直径，和体积的感染细胞是随时间变化的趋势，通过春季和夏季的结果较大的病毒感染较小的细胞减少爆发的大小。与此相反，这些参数并没有系统地不同站之间或缺氧和好氧层的湖泊。这些数据表明，季节性强迫是该湖病毒感染变异的主要来源。总体而言，病毒裂解似乎作出了适度的贡献，原核生物的死亡率，但高病毒宿主接触率表明，病毒很可能会影响微型浮游生物的克隆多样性在湖中。
Mono Lake is a large, alkaline, moderately hypersaline lake containing planktonic prokaryotes and viruses at concentrations that are among the highest reported for natural aquatic environments. We hypothesized that pronounced seasonality in physical and biological forcing and strong vertical gradients of chemical, physical, and biological parameters in this meromictic lake would result in dramatic temporal and spatial variability in concentrations of viruses and viral infections of prokaryotes. To test this, we investigated the temporal, vertical, and horizontal variability in hydrography, microbial concentrations, and viral infections of prokaryotes at 4 stations over a 10 mo period in Mono Lake. The infection parameters quantified included the frequency of visibly infected cells (FVIC), burst size, intracellular virus diameter, and volume of infected cells. Concentrations of chlorophyll a (chl a), prokaryotes, and viruses in individual samples ranged from 3.3 to 150 mu g l(-1), 0.10 to 1.2 x 10(11) l(-1), and 0.14 to 1.9 X 10(12) l(-1), respectively, with the highest concentrations of each occurring in the spring. For all data combined, concentrations of viruses were significantly correlated with concentrations of prokaryotes (r = 0.68, p < 0.001, n = 68), but not with chl a. FVIC ranged from < 0.1 to 3.5% for the community, but reached as high as 13% for coccoid cells in 1 sample. Averaged over the water column, the estimated fraction of prokaryote mortality due to viral lysis ranged from a low of 3.7% in September, to a high of 16% in July. Burst size, intracellular virus diameters, and volumes of infected cells were temporally variable with a trend of decreasing burst size through the spring and summer as a result of larger viruses infecting smaller cells. In contrast, these parameters did not differ systematically among stations or between the anoxic and oxic layers of the lake. The data suggested that seasonal forcing is the primary source of variability in viral infections in the lake. Overall, viral lysis appeared to make a modest contribution to the mortality of prokaryotes, but high virus-host contact rates suggested that viruses are likely to influence the clonal diversity of picoplankton in the lake.