COMMENTS ON THE CRUSADE AGAINST THE CAUSAL EFFICACY OF HUMAN THOUGHT
COMMENTS ON THE CRUSADE AGAINST THE CAUSAL EFFICACY OF HUMAN THOUGHT
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DOI：
10.1016/0005-7916(95)00034-w
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发表时间：
1995-09-01
影响因子：
1.8
通讯作者：
BANDURA, A
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
BANDURA, A
霍金斯重申了人们所熟悉的行为主义学说，即心理学应该消除无法直接观察到的因素。他似乎没有意识到，他所拥护的操作性理论大量投资于不适合直接观察的内部决定因素。由于行为通常不受其直接情境前因和后果的影响，操作分析师越来越多地转向行为的内在决定因素，例如过去强化的残留物。这些内在的决定因素是不可直接观察或测量的。它们是推断的有机状态。霍金斯援引了标准的行为主义论点，即与其他认知事件一样，个人效能信念是条件反应的副产品。用于验证功效信念对绩效的因果贡献的范式使得这一主张在经验上毫无根据。通过不涉及绩效的手段或通过与绩效无关或与绩效相反的虚假反馈，将效能信念系统地提升到不同的水平。这些范式都没有规定效能信念反映绩效，但它们始终是后续绩效的良好预测指标。附带现象断言是自毁论点。
Hawkins reiterates the familiar behavioristic doctrine that psychology should banish factors that cannot be directly observed. He seems to be unaware that the very operant theory he is espousing is heavily invested in internal determinants that do not lend themselves to direct observation. Because behavior is often unaffected by its immediate situational antecedents and consequences, operant analysts are turning increasingly to internalized determinants of behavior, such as the residues of past reinforcements. These internalized determinants are not directly observable or measurable. They are inferred organismic states. Hawkins invokes the standard behavioristic arguments that, like other cognitive events, beliefs of personal efficacy are epiphenomenal by-products of conditioned responses. The paradigms used to verify the causal contribution of efficacy beliefs to performance renders this claim empirically baseless. Efficacy beliefs are systematically raised to differential levels by means that involve no performances or by bogus feedback that is either unrelated to performance or is contrary to performance. In none of these paradigms are instated efficacy beliefs reflections of performance, but they are uniformly good predictors of subsequent performance. Epiphenomenal assertions are self-destruct arguments.