Money for Crime and Money from Crime: Financing Crime and Laundering Crime Proceeds
Money for Crime and Money from Crime: Financing Crime and Laundering Crime Proceeds
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DOI：
10.1007/s10610-015-9269-7
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发表时间：
2015-06-01
影响因子：
1.7
通讯作者：
Levi, Michael
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Levi, Michael
这篇文章简要地总结了国际上所知道的关于“有组织犯罪”是如何融资的，以及这与合法企业的融资有何不同。报告显示了非法融资可能和确实是如何运作的，并指出一个关键问题是犯罪分子的社会资本及其获得非法融资的途径，具有讽刺意味的是，如果管制措施使洗钱变得更加困难，这可能会更容易。然后，它审查了犯罪收益是如何被清洗的国际证据，最后检查这些意见的影响，为有组织犯罪的研究和反洗钱工作的影响。在国际清洗黑钱案件中，最常被检控的案件并不复杂。这并不能证明没有复杂的案件，因为经过认真调查的犯罪收益和犯罪融资的比例不大。在多边努力推动金融流动自由化的总体经济政策与旨在阻碍金融流动的犯罪控制政策之间，存在着一个核心矛盾。没有人能理性地认为，一般的反洗钱控制或特别是金融调查将完全“解决”有组织犯罪或消除高级别犯罪：因为即使有机会实现这一目标，也需要在透明度和有效行动方面取得进展，以打击沿着所有可能的供应链的高级别腐败。然而，在这些方面采取更多行动（不仅仅是立法）可以促进对更有害的个人、网络和犯罪促成者的干预。可以对当地贩毒团伙不太复杂的金融活动进行干预，而不需要国际合作或熟悉复杂的洗钱类型。
This article summarises briefly what is known internationally about how 'organised crimes' are financed and how this differs from the financing of licit businesses. It shows how illicit financing might and does operate, noting that a key issue is the social capital of offenders and their access to illicit finance which ironically, may be easier if controls make it harder to launder money. It then reviews international evidence on how proceeds of crime are laundered, concluding with an examination of the implications of these observations for the study of organised crime and the effects of anti-money laundering efforts. In money laundering cases internationally, the most commonly prosecuted cases are not complicated. This is not evidence that there are no complicated cases, since the proportion of crime proceeds and crime financing that have been subjected to serious investigation is modest. There is a core contradiction between general economic policy pushed hard multilaterally for liberalisation of financial flows and a crime control policy intent on hampering them. No-one could rationally think that AML controls in general or financial investigation in particular will 'solve' organised crime completely or eliminate high-level offending: for there even to be a chance to achieve that, there would need to be a step change in transparency and effective action against high-level corruption along all possible supply chains. However more action (not just legislation) on these could facilitate interventions against the more harmful individuals, networks and crime enablers. The less complex financial activities of local drug-dealing gangs can be intervened against, without needing international cooperation or familiarity with sophisticated money laundering typologies.