An escape from crowding
An escape from crowding
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DOI：
10.1167/7.2.22
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发表时间：
2007-01-01
影响因子：
1.8
通讯作者：
Pelli, Denis G.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Freeman, Jeremy;Pelli, Denis G.
当附近的侧翼人员混淆了目标物体的外观，使其难以识别时，就会出现拥挤。拥挤是在不适当的大范围内进行的功能集成。是什么决定了这个地区的大小？根据自下而上的建议，其大小是解剖学上确定的隔离场的大小。根据自上而下的建议，规模是人们关注的焦点。Intriigator和Cavanagh(2001)提出了后者，但我们证明他们的结论建立在一个不可信的假设之上。在这里，我们使用改变盲视范式来研究注意力在拥挤中的作用。我们在变化检测任务中测量宽间距和窄间距字母的容量，包括有和没有交互刺激线索。我们发现，标准的拥挤操作--减少间距和增加侧翼--严重损害了无提示变化检测，但对有提示变化检测没有影响。因为拥挤的字母看起来不那么熟悉，我们必须使用更长的内部描述(不那么紧凑的表示法)来记住它们。因此，更少的人能进入工作记忆。记忆限制不适用于提示条件，因为观察者只需要记住提示字母。正如一个自上而下的账户所预测的那样，暗示的表现避免了拥挤的影响。然而，我们对结果最简约的描述是自下而上的：线索变化检测是如此容易，以至于观察者可以容忍特征退化和字母扭曲，使观察者免受拥挤。更改检测任务通过使测试更容易(相同/不同，而不是识别许多可能的目标之一)来增强经典的部分报告范例，从而提高了其敏感度，因此它可以揭示降级的内存跟踪。
Crowding occurs when nearby flankers jumble the appearance of a target object, making it hard to identify. Crowding is feature integration over an inappropriately large region. What determines the size of that region? According to bottom-up proposals, the size is that of an anatomically determined isolation field. According to top-down proposals, the size is that of the spotlight of attention. Intriligator and Cavanagh ( 2001) proposed the latter, but we show that their conclusion rests on an implausible assumption. Here we investigate the role of attention in crowding using the change blindness paradigm. We measure capacity for widely and narrowly spaced letters during a change detection task, both with and without an interstimulus cue. We find that standard crowding manipulations-reducing spacing and adding flankers-severely impair uncued change detection but have no effect on cued change detection. Because crowded letters look less familiar, we must use longer internal descriptions ( less compact representations) to remember them. Thus, fewer fit into working memory. The memory limit does not apply to the cued condition because the observer need remember only the cued letter. Cued performance escapes the effects of crowding, as predicted by a top-down account. However, our most parsimonious account of the results is bottom-up: Cued change detection is so easy that the observer can tolerate feature degradation and letter distortion, making the observer immune to crowding. The change detection task enhances the classic partial report paradigm by making the test easier (same/different instead of identifying one of many possible targets), which increases its sensitivity, so it can reveal degraded memory traces.