Globalization, Gender, and the Family
Globalization, Gender, and the Family
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全球化、性别和家庭
DOI：
10.3386/w25247
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发表时间：
2018
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Hâle Utar
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
W. Keller;Hâle Utar
本文表明，全球化对经济的生育率和家庭结构具有深远的影响，因为它影响了工作与生活的平衡。利用丹麦所有出生、婚姻和离婚的人口登记数据以及雇主与雇员之间的关联数据，我们发现，由于中国的进口竞争，劳动力市场机会减少，导致家庭转向，有更多的育婴假和更高的生育率，以及更多的婚姻和更少的离婚。这种转变主要是由女性推动的，而不是男性。相应地，进口竞争加剧对收入的负面影响主要集中在妇女身上，性别收入不平等加剧。本文建立了市场与家庭选择作为贸易调整成本的主要决定因素。虽然年长的员工对冲击的反应无论男女都差不多，但对于年轻员工来说，家庭的反应剥夺了他们通常拥有的调整优势——如果员工是女性的话。女性生物钟——四十出头以后的低生育能力——是这种性别调整差异的核心，而不是工作或工作场所的构成，以及其他潜在原因。
This paper shows that globalization has far-reaching implications for the economy’s fertility rate and family structure because it influences work-life balance. Employing population register data on all births, marriages, and divorces together with employer-employee linked data for Denmark, we show that lower labor market opportunities due to Chinese import competition lead to a shift towards family, with more parental leave and higher fertility as well as more marriages and fewer divorces. This shift is driven largely by women, not men. Correspondingly, the negative earnings implications of the rising import competition are concentrated on women, and gender earnings inequality increases. The paper establishes the market- versus family choice as a major determinant of trade adjustment costs. While older workers respond to the shock rather similarly whether female or male, for young workers the family response takes away the adjustment advantage they typically have–if the worker is a woman. The female biological clock–low fertility beyond the early forties–is central to this gender difference in adjustment, rather than the composition of jobs or workplaces, as well as other potential causes.