Community actions against anticommons of forests in contemporary Japan: case studies of former common forests
Community actions against anticommons of forests in contemporary Japan: case studies of former common forests
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当代日本针对反共有森林的社区行动：前公共森林的案例研究
DOI：
10.1080/13416979.2020.1834715
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发表时间：
2020
影响因子：
1.5
通讯作者：
T. Nishimura
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Takuya Takahashi;K. Matsushita;T. Nishimura
摘要在过去的几十年里，许多日本森林所有者和社区都遭受了反公地（分割）现象的后果。自江户时代（17世纪至19世纪）以来，许多日本公共森林被细分并置于私人所有权之下。被细分的小森林（从以前的公地森林中分割出来的）的个人所有者对林业失去了兴趣，导致边界不明确。许多土地所有者已搬迁到那些村庄之外（无所有者）和/或将土地代代相传，导致所有权不明。在日本，有几种方法可以改善反公地现象，这些例子说明了这一点，我们采用案例研究和比较研究的方法进行了研究。1)尽管花费巨大，但一个居民协会通过“技术上”起诉目前的共同所有人，成功地重新征用了共同所有权土地。2)一些居民协会将细分的森林作为一个单位进行集体管理，以减少野猪或鹿等动物造成的损害。然而，这些单位在法律上仍然是分开的，由个人拥有。3)一个土地所有者协会规定，迁出的居民所有者必须将其森林出售给剩余的居民。这三个案例表明，除了利润之外，其他动机如何有助于解决反公地现象。这些动机包括在市镇一级进行合并时保持社区土地完整，保护土地不受害虫侵害，以及保持社区饮用水的纯净。
ABSTRACT Over the past few decades, many Japanese forest owners and communities have suffered from the outcomes of anticommons (parcelization) phenomenon. Since the Edo Era (17th through 19th centuries), many Japanese commons forests have been subdivided and placed under private ownership. Individual owners of the subdivided small forests (carved out from former commons forests) have lost interest in forestry, resulting in unclear borders. Many owners have relocated outside the villages (absent owners) and/or have passed the land down through generations, resulting in unknown ownership. There are several ways to ameliorate the anticommons phenomenon in Japan, as illustrated by these examples, which we examined employing case study and comparative study approaches. 1) Despite the expense, a residents’ association successfully re-appropriated co-ownership land by “technically” suing the current respective co-owners. 2) Some residents’ associations collectively manage subdivided forests as one unit to reduce the damage caused by animals such as wild boars or deer. However, the units are still legally separate and owned by individuals. 3) A land owners’ association stipulated that a vacating resident owner must sell her forest to the remaining residents. These three cases show how motivations, other than profits, could help address the anticommons phenomenon. These motivations include the intent to keep the community’s holding intact in the event of consolidation at the municipality level, to protect the land against pest animals, and to keep the community’s drinking water pure.
私人林地所有者对森林边界的认识：日本案例研究
影响因子：
1.5
作者：
Kajima Shuichiro;Uchiyama Yuta;Kohsaka Ryo
通讯作者：
Kohsaka Ryo