Knockout crickets for the study of learning and memory: Dopamine receptor Dop1 mediates aversive but not appetitive reinforcement in crickets.
Knockout crickets for the study of learning and memory: Dopamine receptor Dop1 mediates aversive but not appetitive reinforcement in crickets.
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DOI：
10.1038/srep15885
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发表时间：
2015-11-02
影响因子：
4.6
通讯作者：
Mizunami M
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Awata H;Watanabe T;Hamanaka Y;Mito T;Noji S;Mizunami M
揭示联想学习中的强化机制是神经科学的一个重要课题。在哺乳动物中，多巴胺神经元被认为在调节食欲和厌恶强化方面起着关键作用。我们的药理学研究表明，章鱼胺和多巴胺神经元介导的奖励和惩罚，分别在蟋蟀，但最近的研究果蝇的结论是，多巴胺神经元介导的奖励和惩罚，通过1型多巴胺受体Dop 1。为了解决不同昆虫物种研究之间的差异，我们使用CRISPR/Cas9系统生产了Dop 1敲除蟋蟀，发现它们在氯化钠惩罚的厌恶学习中存在缺陷，但在水或蔗糖奖励的食欲学习中没有缺陷。结果表明，多巴胺和章鱼胺神经元介导的厌恶和食欲的加强，分别在蟋蟀。我们建议意想不到的多样性，在神经递质介导的蟋蟀和果蝇之间的食欲强化，虽然神经递质介导的厌恶强化是保守的。这项研究证明了CRISPR/Cas9系统在生产用于学习和记忆研究的基因敲除动物中的有用性。
Elucidation of reinforcement mechanisms in associative learning is an important subject in neuroscience. In mammals, dopamine neurons are thought to play critical roles in mediating both appetitive and aversive reinforcement. Our pharmacological studies suggested that octopamine and dopamine neurons mediate reward and punishment, respectively, in crickets, but recent studies in fruit-flies concluded that dopamine neurons mediates both reward and punishment, via the type 1 dopamine receptor Dop1. To resolve the discrepancy between studies in different insect species, we produced Dop1 knockout crickets using the CRISPR/Cas9 system and found that they are defective in aversive learning with sodium chloride punishment but not appetitive learning with water or sucrose reward. The results suggest that dopamine and octopamine neurons mediate aversive and appetitive reinforcement, respectively, in crickets. We suggest unexpected diversity in neurotransmitters mediating appetitive reinforcement between crickets and fruit-flies, although the neurotransmitter mediating aversive reinforcement is conserved. This study demonstrates usefulness of the CRISPR/Cas9 system for producing knockout animals for the study of learning and memory.