Working with Inadequate Tools: Legislative Shortcomings in Protection against Ecological Effects of Artificial Light at Night
Working with Inadequate Tools: Legislative Shortcomings in Protection against Ecological Effects of Artificial Light at Night
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使用不适当的工具：防止夜间人造光生态影响的立法缺陷
作者：
S. Schroer;B. J. Huggins;C. Azam;F. Hölker
由于夜间人工照明（ALAN）的使用越来越多，夜间景观发生了根本性的变化，这被认为是对环境有害的，并提出了重要的监管问题，即是否以及如何根据对环境的多种风险进行监管。在这里，我们提出了一个分析的结果，目前的法律的义务对ALAN的背景下，系统的审查不利影响。法律的分析包括欧洲和德国环境法的相关方面，特别是自然保护和污染控制。该审查代表了303项研究的结果，表明生物和景观的显着干扰。我们讨论了环境法禁止的条件，以及保护差距是否持续存在，因此，是否有必要为光污染制定具体的立法。虽然保护主要是为具有特殊保护地位的物种提供的，这些物种揭示了对人工照明景观的回避行为和相关的栖息地丧失，但对没有特殊保护地位的物种和景观的不利影响往往没有得到现有法规的解决。立法缺陷是由于难以证明对人口水平的不利影响、查明照明不当行为以及将法律适用于与ALAN有关的情况。强调了减少ALAN引起的环境影响的措施。我们将讨论实施这些措施的义务是否有利于环境保护以及如何实施法规。
The fundamental change in nocturnal landscapes due to the increasing use of artificial light at night (ALAN) is recognized as being detrimental to the environment and raises important regulatory questions as to whether and how it should be regulated based on the manifold risks to the environment. Here, we present the results of an analysis of the current legal obligations on ALAN in context with a systematic review of adverse effects. The legal analysis includes the relevant aspects of European and German environmental law, specifically nature conservation and immission control. The review represents the results of 303 studies indicating significant disturbances of organisms and landscapes. We discuss the conditions for prohibitions by environmental laws and whether protection gaps persist and, hence, whether specific legislation for light pollution is necessary. While protection is predominantly provided for species with special protection status that reveal avoidance behavior of artificially lit landscapes and associated habitat loss, adverse effects on species and landscapes without special protection status are often unaddressed by existing regulations. Legislative shortcomings are caused by difficulties in proving adverse effect on the population level, detecting lighting malpractice, and applying the law to ALAN-related situations. Measures to reduce ALAN-induced environmental impacts are highlighted. We discuss whether an obligation to implement such measures is favorable for environmental protection and how regulations can be implemented.
影响因子：
9.2
作者：
Sanders, Dirk;Kehoe, Rachel;Gaston, Kevin J.
通讯作者：
Gaston, Kevin J.
量化广谱路灯对空中夜间昆虫的吸引力
影响因子：
5.7
作者：
Wakefield A
通讯作者：
Wakefield A