Kin selection and the problem of sperm utilization in social insects
Kin selection and the problem of sperm utilization in social insects
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群居昆虫的亲缘选择和精子利用问题
作者：
K. Ross
自达尔文以来，社会行为的进化一直是自然选择理论的一个特殊问题。社会性意味着某些个体至少部分丧失了个人繁殖，这似乎与自然选择使其最大化的期望相矛盾。亲属选择理论（theory of kin selection）1，2试图通过合作个体之间高度的遗传相关性来解释社会进化。在最多样化和最显著的社会有机体中，社会性的Hyattera（蚂蚁，蜜蜂，黄蜂），亲属选择理论特别有吸引力，因为该组的雄性单倍体遗传系统导致雌性巢伙伴之间潜在的高度相关性3 -5。然而，蚁后的多次交配给近亲选择带来了严重的困难，因为除非非随机地使用来自不同雄性的精子，否则它会降低巢伴侣的相关性6 -10。这种可能性已被调查，只有一个高度社会性的昆虫，蜜蜂意大利蜜蜂，其中缺乏合适的遗传标记，有必要使用人工繁殖10，11。在这第一次研究的长期精子利用率在自然种群的高度社会性昆虫，我表明，皇后的两个社会黄蜂物种使用精子从不同的男性在相对恒定的比例，通过时间，导致一贯低的女性巢友之间的相关性。我还表明，工人不补充他们的包容性健身繁殖直接在殖民地中，女王是目前。
The evolution of social behaviour has posed a special problem for natural selection theory since Darwin. Sociality entails at least a partial loss of personal reproduction by some individuals, a seeming contradiction to the expectation that it be maximized by natural selection. The theory of kin selection1,2 seeks to explain social evolution by reference to high degrees of genetic relatedness among cooperating individuals. In the most diverse and conspicuous of social organisms, the social Hymenoptera (ants, bees, wasps), kin selection theory has been especially attractive because the malehaploid genetic system of the group leads to potentially high relatedness among female nestmates3–5. Multiple mating by queens poses a serious difficulty for kin selection, however, in that it reduces nestmate relatedness unless sperm from different males are used non-randomly6–10. This possibility has been investigated in only one highly social insect, the honey bee Apis mellifera, where the absence of suitable genetic markers has necessitated the use of artificial insemination10,11. In this first study of long-term sperm utilization in natural populations of highly social insects I show that queens of two social wasp species use sperm from different males in relatively constant proportions through time, resulting in consistently low relatedness among female nestmates. I also show that workers do not supplement their inclusive fitness by reproducing directly in colonies in which the mother queen is present.