Does History Matter? The Old and the New World of Microfinance in Europe and Asia
Does History Matter? The Old and the New World of Microfinance in Europe and Asia
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历史重要吗？
DOI：
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发表时间：
2005
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Hans Dieter
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Leibniz;Hans Dieter
在一些欧洲国家，小额信贷是在 18 世纪和 19 世纪从非正式开始发展起来的，是一种与商业和私人银行部门并列的穷人银行业务。几乎从一开始，小额信贷就意味着小额储蓄和小额信贷之间的金融中介，并由中介提供动力。法律认可、监管和强制监督适时发展，并在二十世纪导致了主流化进程，当时小额信贷成为正规银行部门的一部分。在德国，以前的小额信贷机构现在占银行资产的50%左右；覆盖范围约为 90% 的人口。亚洲的小额信贷可能有着悠久的历史，尽管人们似乎对中国的 hui、印度的 chit 基金、印度尼西亚的 arisan 或菲律宾的 paluwagan 等早期历史知之甚少。本土金融机构（大多数是非正规金融机构）仍然非常普遍，但在金融部门的发展中基本上被忽视。也有一些规模有限的例外情况，例如印度的小额基金受到监管，印度尼西亚的农村和小额信贷部门高度多元化，各种形式的非正式金融机构在整个二十世纪都得到了注册并最终受到监管。没有一个国家将本土形式的小额信贷作为其现代金融体系的支柱。
In a number of European countries microfinance evolved from informal beginnings during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries as a type of banking of the poor, juxtaposed to the commercial and private banking sector. Almost from the onset, microfinance meant financial intermediation between microsavings and microcredit, and was powered by intermediation. Legal recognition, regulation and mandatory supervision evolved in due course and led to a process of mainstreaming during the twentieth century when microfinance became part of the formal banking sector. In Germany, the former microfinance institutions now account for around 50% of banking assets; outreach is to around 90% of the population. Microfinance in Asia presumably has a much longer history, though little seems to be known about the early history of the hui in China, the chit funds in India, the arisan in Indonesia or the paluwagan in the Philippines, to name but a few. Financial institutions of indigenous origin, most of them informal, are still exceedingly widespread but have been largely ignored in financial sector development. There are exceptions on a limited scale, as in India where chit funds are regulated and in Indonesia with its highly diversified rural and microfinance sector where various forms of informal financial institutions have been registered and eventually regulated throughout the twentieth century. Not a single country has made indigenous forms of microfinance a pillar of its modern financial system.