Videotape and the attribution process: reversing actors' and observers' points of view.
Videotape and the attribution process: reversing actors' and observers' points of view.
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DOI：
10.1037/h0034782
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发表时间：
1973-08
影响因子：
7.6
通讯作者：
M. D. Storms
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
M. D. Storms
两名参与者每次进行一次简短的、非结构化的对话，同时两名观察者在一旁观看，随后，一份问卷测量了参与者在对话中对自己行为的归因，要么归因于discsitional的、内部的原因，要么归因于情境的、外部的原因。同样，每个观察者都将其匹配的演员的行为归因于。在进行归因问卷调查之前，向受试者播放对话的录像带，提供了视觉定向的实验操作。一些演员和观察者没有看到录像回放，而另一些受试者看到的录像带只是重复了他们最初的视觉方向。正如对这两种情况的预测，行为者比观察者对局势的归因相对更多。第三组受试者看了一盘从新的角度拍摄的录像带--一些演员看了一盘他们自己的录像带，而一些观察者看到了另一个参与者，他们的配对演员一直在和他谈话。通过这种重新定位，自我观察的行为者比观察者更多地归因于自己的性格。结果表明，视觉取向的重要性，在确定演员和观察员之间的归因差异。从实用的角度来看，本研究的理论框架和结果与在治疗组和T组中使用录像带自我观察有关。当一个人观察一种行为并试图理解其原因时，他关心的是行为者的个人倾向与周围社会和环境背景的相对重要性。无论是希望解释他人行为的观察者，还是试图理解自己行为的行动者，都试图做出适当的因果归因。然而，我们有理由相信，行为者和观察者并不总是对行为者的行为做出相同的解释。Jones和Nisbett（1971）认为，当行为者试图解释自己的行为时，他们倾向于给予外部，环境（即，情境）原因。另一方面，观察者更加强调内部的、个人的（即，（1）行为人行为的原因。1本文的研究是作为提交给耶鲁大学心理学系的博士论文的一部分进行的。作者希望表达他的感谢理查德E。尼斯贝特（Nisbett）担任该论文的顾问，并对本文提出了许多有益的批评。2重印请求应发送至Au
Two actor subjects at a time engaged in a brief, unstructured conversation while two observer subjects looked on. Later a questionnaire measured the actors' attributions of their own behavior in the conversation either to dispcsitional, internal causes or to situational, external causes. Similarly, each observer attributed his matched actor's behavior. Videotapes of the conversation, replayed to subjects before the attribution questionnaire, provided an experimental manipulation of visual orientation. Some actors and observers saw no videotape replay, while other subjects saw a tape that merely repeated their original visual orientations. As predicted for both of these conditions, the actors attributed relatively more to the situation than the observers. A third set of subjects saw a videotape taken from a new perspective—some actors saw a tape of themselves, while some observers saw the other participant with whom their matched actor had been conversing. With this reorientation, self-viewing actors attributed relatively more to their own dispositions than observers. The results indicated the importance of visual orientation in determining attributional differences between actors and observers. Pragmatically, the theoretical framework and results of the study had relevance to the use of videotape self-observation in therapy and T groups. When an individual observes a behavior and attempts to understand its causes, he is concerned with the relative importance of personal dispositions of the actor and the surrounding social and environmental context. Both an observer who wishes to explain another's behavior and an actor who tries to understand his own behavior attempt to make the appropriate causal attributions. There is reason to believe, however, that actors and observers do not always arrive at the same explanation of the actor's behavior. Jones and Nisbett (1971) have argued that when actors seek to explain their own behavior, they are inclined to give considerable weight to external, environmental (i.e., situational) causes. Observers, on the other hand, place considerably more emphasis on internal, personal (i.e., dispositional) causes of the actor's behavior. 1 The research for this article was performed as part of the author's PhD dissertation submitted to the Department of Psychology, Yale University. The author wishes to express his appreciation to Richard E. Nisbett, who served as advisor for the thesis and who has contributed many helpful criticisms of the present article. 2 Requests for reprints should be sent to the au