Health risk assessment of personal inhalation exposure to volatile organic compounds in Tianjin, China.
Health risk assessment of personal inhalation exposure to volatile organic compounds in Tianjin, China.
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DOI：
10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.10.022
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发表时间：
2011
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Jian Zhou;Y. You;Z. Bai;Yandi Hu;Jiefeng Zhang;N. Zhang
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Jian Zhou;Y. You;Z. Bai;Yandi Hu;Jiefeng Zhang;N. Zhang
挥发性有机化合物（VOCs）暴露可引起一系列不利的人类健康影响。然而，到目前为止，中国中国大陆的个人VOCs暴露和居民室内外VOCs水平还没有得到很好的表征，对个人暴露于VOCs的健康风险了解较少。在这项研究中，12名参与者的个人暴露以及住宅室内/室外，工作场所和车辆中的VOCs浓度同时测量在中国天津。采用被动式采样器连续采集5d的挥发性有机物样品，采用热脱附GC-MS法进行分析。使用美国环境保护署的吸入单位风险来计算吸入性癌症的健康风险。为了评估健康风险估计的不确定性，进行了蒙特卡罗模拟和敏感性分析。正如预期的那样，除四氯化碳外，个人接触量大于住宅室内接触量。暴露评估结果显示，除氯仿外，所有VOCs的模拟浓度与实测浓度均呈显著线性相关（P<0.01），说明采用时间加权模型估算的个人暴露量可以合理估算个人吸入VOCs的暴露量。根据时间-活动模式和因子分析，室内吸烟和最近装修是影响个人暴露的两个主要因素。根据对个人接触的癌症风险分析，苯、氯仿、四氯化碳和1，3-丁二烯的终生癌症风险中位数上限超过了美国环保署的基准，即百万分之一，苯的风险中位数最高，约为百万分之二十二。个人暴露于5种挥发性有机化合物的中位累积癌症风险约为44/百万，其次是室内暴露（37/百万）和车辆暴露（36/百万）。敏感性分析表明，在进一步的研究中，提高暴露测量的准确性将促进健康风险评估。
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) exposure can induce a range of adverse human health effects. To date, however, personal VOCs exposure and residential indoor and outdoor VOCs levels have not been well characterized in the mainland of China, less is known about health risk of personal exposure to VOCs. In this study, personal exposures for 12 participants as well as residential indoor/outdoor, workplace and in vehicle VOCs concentrations were measured simultaneously in Tianjin, China. All VOCs samples were collected using passive samplers for 5days and were analyzed using Thermal Desorption GC-MS method. U.S. Environmental Protect Agency's Inhalation Unit Risks were used to calculate the inhalation cancer health risk. To assess uncertainty of health risk estimate, Monte Carlo simulation and sensitivity analysis were implemented. Personal exposures were greater than residential indoor exposures as expected with the exception of carbon tetrachloride. Exposure assessment showed modeled and measured concentrations are statistically linearly correlated for all VOCs (P<0.01) except chloroform, confirming that estimated personal exposure using time-weighted model can provide reasonable estimate of personal inhalation exposure to VOCs. Indoor smoking and recent renovation were identified as two major factors influencing personal exposure based on the time-activity pattern and factor analysis. According to the cancer risk analysis of personal exposure, benzene, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride and 1,3-butadiene had median upper-bound lifetime cancer risks that exceeded the U.S. EPA benchmark of 1 per one million, and benzene presented the highest median risks at about 22 per one million population. The median cumulative cancer risk of personal exposure to 5 VOCs was approximately 44 per million, followed by indoor exposure (37 per million) and in vehicle exposure (36 per million). Sensitivity analysis suggested that improving the accuracy of exposure measurement in further research would advance the health risk assessment.