Observations: Atmosphere and surface
Observations: Atmosphere and surface
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DOI：
10.1017/cbo9781107415324.008
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发表时间：
2013
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
D. Hartmann;A. K. Tank;M. Rusticucci;L. Alexander;S. Brönnimann;Y. Charabi;F. Dentener;E. Dlugokencky-E.-Dlu
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文献类型：
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作者：
D. Hartmann;A. K. Tank;M. Rusticucci;L. Alexander;S. Brönnimann;Y. Charabi;F. Dentener;E. Dlugokencky-E.-Dlu
近几年来，通过对大气和地表的观察，气候变化的证据显著增加。与此同时，对不确定性进行定性和量化的新的改进方法突显了在编制全球和区域长期气候质量数据记录方面仍然存在的挑战。目前，对大气层和地表的观测表明以下变化：大气成分。可以肯定的是，从2005年到2011年，《京都议定书》所针对的混合良好的温室气体(温室气体)的大气负担有所增加。2011年，大气中二氧化碳的丰度为390.5 ppm(390.3至390.7)；这比1750年高出40%。2011年，大气中的一氧化二氮(N2O)为324.2 ppb(324.0至324.4)，自1750年以来增加了20%。从2005年到2011年，二氧化碳和N2O的年均增长率与1996年到2005年的观测数据相当。2011年，大气甲烷(CH4)为1803.2 ppb(1801.2至1805.2)；这比1750年之前增加了150%。CH4在1999年至2006年几乎保持不变后，于2007年开始增加。氢氟碳化物(HFCs)、全氟碳化物(PFC)和六氟化硫(SF6)都继续保持较快的增长，但它们对辐射强迫的贡献不到混合温室气体总量的1%。
The evidence of climate change from observations of the atmosphere and surface has grown significantly during recent years. At the same time new improved ways of characterizing and quantifying uncertainty have highlighted the challenges that remain for developing long-term global and regional climate quality data records. Currently, the observations of the atmosphere and surface indicate the following changes:. Atmospheric Composition. It is certain that atmospheric burdens of the well-mixed greenhouse gases (GHGs) targeted by the Kyoto Protocol increased from 2005 to 2011. The atmospheric abundance of carbon dioxide (CO2) was 390.5 ppm (390.3 to 390.7) in 2011; this is 40% greater than in 1750. Atmospheric nitrous oxide (N2O) was 324.2 ppb (324.0 to 324.4) in 2011 and has increased by 20% since 1750. Average annual increases in CO 2 and N 2 O from 2005 to 2011 are comparable to those observed from 1996 to 2005. Atmospheric methane (CH 4) was 1803.2 ppb (1801.2 to 1805.2) in 2011; this is 150% greater than before 1750. CH 4 began increasing in 2007 after remaining nearly constant from 1999 to 2006. Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), and sulphur hexafluoride (SF 6) all continue to increase relatively rapidly, but their contributions to radiative forcing are less than 1% of the total by well-mixed GHGs.