Stone tools and foraging in northern Madagascar challenge Holocene extinction models
Stone tools and foraging in northern Madagascar challenge Holocene extinction models
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DOI：
10.1073/pnas.1306100110
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发表时间：
2013-07-30
影响因子：
11.1
通讯作者：
Berna, Francesco
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Dewar, Robert E.;Radimilahy, Chantal;Berna, Francesco
过去对马达加斯加的研究表明，大约在公元500年，印度尼西亚人和东非人共同建立了村庄社区。早期访问的证据是分散和有争议的。最近在马达加斯加北部进行的考古发掘提供了与森林和沿海资源觅食有关的微石器技术的职业遗址的证据。其中一个地点的采集者占领时间可以追溯到公元前2000年，这比马达加斯加已知的职业历史要长一倍，因此也比人们利用马达加斯加环境的时间要长一倍。我们详细介绍了地层学、年代学和两个岩石掩蔽处的文物。在东北海岸Iharana （Vohemar）附近的Ambohiposa，发现了一种层状的组合，有小薄片、微叶片，以及经过修饰的新月形和梯形工具，可能是用燧石和黑曜石制成的抛射体，其中一些带到了200公里以外。C-14日期与最早的村庄是同时代的。没有食物残渣被保存。北部靠近Antsiranana的Lakaton'i Anja产生了几个分层组合。根据C-14和光学刺激发光测年以及从近东和中国进口的陶器，最新的组合可以很好地追溯到公元1050-1350年。下面是一系列类似于Ambohiposa的分层组合。C-14和光激发发光日期表明至少在公元前2000年就有人居住了。动物遗骸显示了一种觅食模式。我们的证据表明，早在农民和牧民到来之前，在许多全新世晚期动物灭绝之前，拥有微石器技术的采集者就已经在马达加斯加活跃了。历史上不同经济的不同影响必须被识别和理解，以重建人类环境影响的全新世历史。
Past research on Madagascar indicates that village communities were established about AD 500 by people of both Indonesian and East African heritage. Evidence of earlier visits is scattered and contentious. Recent archaeological excavations in northern Madagascar provide evidence of occupational sites with microlithic stone technologies related to foraging for forest and coastal resources. A forager occupation of one site dates to earlier than 2000 B. C., doubling the length of Madagascar's known occupational history, and thus the time during which people exploited Madagascar's environments. We detail stratigraphy, chronology, and artifacts from two rock shelters. Ambohiposa near Iharana (Vohemar) on the northeast coast, yielded a stratified assemblage with small flakes, microblades, and retouched crescentic and trapezoidal tools, probably projectile elements, made on cherts and obsidian, some brought more that 200 km. C-14 dates are contemporary with the earliest villages. No food remains are preserved. Lakaton'i Anja near Antsiranana in the north yielded several stratified assemblages. The latest assemblage is well dated to A. D. 1050-1350, by C-14 and optically stimulated luminescence dating and pottery imported from the Near East and China. Below is a series of stratified assemblages similar to Ambohiposa. C-14 and optically stimulated luminescence dates indicate occupation from at least 2000 B. C. Faunal remains indicate a foraging pattern. Our evidence shows that foragers with a microlithic technology were active in Madagascar long before the arrival of farmers and herders and before many Late Holocene faunal extinctions. The differing effects of historically distinct economies must be identified and understood to reconstruct Holocene histories of human environmental impact.