mm-Wave Phase Shifters and Switches
mm-Wave Phase Shifters and Switches
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发表时间：
2010
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通讯作者：
Ehsan Adabi Firouzjaei
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作者：
Ehsan Adabi Firouzjaei
主流硅基技术中晶体管的速度不断提高，使毫米波领域向消费电子应用开放。以前必须采用先进化合物（III-V）技术并因成本原因仅限于高端系统的解决方案，现在正在进入低成本消费电子产品市场。新兴的毫米波市场包含各种应用，从个人数字助理（PDA）设备中的极高数据速率收发器到汽车雷达模块，再到用于取代稀疏区域中光纤连接的点对点链路。第一章重点介绍了每种应用的具体要求，使其与某种类型的技术更兼容。为了拥有适合低成本应用的完整毫米波系统，首选单芯片或单封装解决方案。为了实现这一目标，应采用高度线性的集成低损耗发射/接收开关结构。介绍了一种基于变压器的小型并联T/R开关，并采用标准90 nm CMOS工艺实现。本文描述了这种结构的设计方程和权衡。由于60 GHz信号的自由空间路径损耗比其低频对应物高得多（比WiFi高30 dB的损耗），并且在这些高频下从设备中提取的性能较低，因此应该利用相控天线阵列结构来为收发器增加无源天线增益，并帮助满足链路预算要求。介绍了相控天线阵结构的基本原理，并给出了两种不同的实现方式，一种是通过真延时元件实现，另一种是采用移相器实现。对于宽带应用和非常大的阵列，旨在有一个广泛的视野，真正的时间延迟元件应采用转向阵列指向波束。这项工作研究真正的时间延迟元件，电感调谐技术的引入，提高了延迟的可调谐性的合成传输线，同时保持其特性阻抗恒定。在大多数毫米波应用中，天线阵列结构中的延迟单元可以近似并用移相器代替。因此，不同类型的移相器进行了研究，并在射频路径中的有源I-Q插值移相器的设计和实现在60 GHz。
The ever increasing speed of transistors in mainstream silicon-based technologies made the mm-wave domain open to consumer electronic applications. Solutions that previously had to be implemented in advanced compound (III-V) technologies and were limited to high-end systems due to cost purposes, are now entering the market of low-cost consumer electronic products. Emerging mm-wave market contains various applications from extremely high data rate transceivers in Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) devices to automotive radar modules and to point to point links for replacing the fiber connectivity in sparse areas. Chapter one highlights the specific requirements of each application that makes it more compatible with a certain type of technology.To have a complete mm-wave system suitable for low cost applications, a single chip or a single package solution is preferred. To achieve this goal integrated low loss transmit / receive switching structures that are highly linear should be employed. A miniature transformer-based shunt T/R switch is introduced and implemented in a standard 90nm CMOS technology. Design equations and trade-offs for such a structure are described in this thesis. Due to a much higher free space path loss of a 60GHz signal compared to its low frequency counterparts (30dB higher loss than WiFi), and lower performances extractable from devices at these high frequencies, phased antenna array structures should be exploited to add passive antenna gains to the transceiver and help meet the link budget requirement. Fundamentals of phased antenna array structures are described and two different implementations, one through true time delay elements and the other one employing phase shifters are presented. For wideband applications and for very large arrays intended to have a wide field of view, true time delay elements should be employed to steer the array pointing beam. This work investigates true time delay elements, and an inductance tuning technique is introduced which enhances the delay tunability of a synthesized transmission line while keeping its characteristic impedance constant. In most mm-wave applications, delay cells in antenna array structures can be approximated and replaced with phase shifters. Hence different types of phase shifters are studied and an active I-Q interpolating phase shifter in the RF-path is designed and implemented at 60GHz.