Postcranial robusticity in Homo. I: Temporal trends and mechanical interpretation.
Postcranial robusticity in Homo. I: Temporal trends and mechanical interpretation.
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DOI：
10.1002/ajpa.1330910103
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发表时间：
1993-05
影响因子：
2.8
通讯作者：
C. Ruff;E. Trinkaus;E. Trinkaus;A. Walker;C. Larsen
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
C. Ruff;E. Trinkaus;E. Trinkaus;A. Walker;C. Larsen
通过比较股骨的横截面骨干和关节特性，并在更有限的程度上，肱骨，在最近和更早的人属样本的颅后健壮性的时间趋势进行了探讨。使用理论力学模型和经验观察在最近的人类，结构特性和骨长度之间的比例关系的开发。这些关系的身体形状的影响被认为是。然后，这些比例因子被用来标准化结构特性，以便与前现代人属（Homo sp.和H.直立人，古体H. sapiens和早期现代H. sapiens）。比较的结果导致以下结论：1）从更新世早期到现在的人类，人属中骨干健壮性一直呈指数增长的下降。现代H。sapiens在轴的健壮性上更接近于古H。比现代人的要多早期人的骨干健壮性的增加是相对于现代人的骨髓收缩和骨膜扩张的结果。2)在所有组和时间段内，人类的关节健壮性没有类似的时间性下降-相对股骨头尺寸相似。因此，关节轴的比例是不同的前最近和最近的人。3)这些发现与力学解释（后颅的机械负荷下降）最一致，主要通过发育而不是遗传方式起作用。环境（行为）因素导致人颅后强健性的下降，最终与大脑体积的增加和文化技术的进步有关，尽管强健性的变化落后于认知能力的变化。
Temporal trends in postcranial robusticity within the genus Homo are explored by comparing cross-sectional diaphyseal and articular properties of the femur, and to a more limited extent, the humerus, in samples of Recent and earlier Homo. Using both theoretical mechanical models and empirical observations within Recent humans, scaling relationships between structural properties and bone length are developed. The influence of body shape on these relationships is considered. These scaling factors are then used to standardize structural properties for comparisons with pre-Recent Homo (Homo sp. and H. erectus, archaic H. sapiens, and early modern H. sapiens). Results of the comparisons lead to the following conclusions: 1) There has been a consistent, exponentially increasing decline in diaphyseal robusticity within Homo that has continued from the early Pleistocene through living humans. Early modern H. sapiens are closer in shaft robusticity to archaic H. sapiens than they are to Recent humans. The increase in diaphyseal robusticity in earlier Homo is a result of both medullary contraction and periosteal expansion relative to Recent humans. 2) There has been no similar temporal decline in articular robusticity within Homo--relative femoral head size is similar in all groups and time periods. Thus, articular to shaft proportions are different in pre-Recent and Recent Homo. 3) These findings are most consistent with a mechanical explanation (declining mechanical loading of the postcranium), that acted primarily through developmental rather than genetic means. The environmental (behavioral) factors that brought about the decline in postcranial robusticity in Homo are ultimately linked to increases in brain size and cultural-technological advances, although changes in robusticity lag behind changes in cognitive capabilities.