Constraining Southern Ocean Air-Sea-Ice Fluxes Through Enhanced Observations
Constraining Southern Ocean Air-Sea-Ice Fluxes Through Enhanced Observations
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DOI：
10.3389/fmars.2019.00421
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发表时间：
2019-07
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
S. Swart;S. Gille;B. Delille;S. Josey;M. Mazloff;Louise Newman;A. Thompson;J. Thomson;B. Ward;M. D. du Plessis;Elizabeth C. Kent;J. Girton;L. Gregor;P. Heil;P. Hyder;L. Pezzi;R. de Souza;V. Tamsitt;R. Weller;C. Zappa
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文献类型：
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作者：
S. Swart;S. Gille;B. Delille;S. Josey;M. Mazloff;Louise Newman;A. Thompson;J. Thomson;B. Ward;M. D. du Plessis;Elizabeth C. Kent;J. Girton;L. Gregor;P. Heil;P. Hyder;L. Pezzi;R. de Souza;V. Tamsitt;R. Weller;C. Zappa
南大洋的海气通量和海气冰通量通过对翻转环流和海洋热量和碳吸收的影响，在全球气候中起着至关重要的作用。南大洋具有挑战性的条件导致观测在空间和时间上的覆盖面很小。这导致了“知识鸿沟”，增加了大气和海洋动力学以及边界层热力学过程的不确定性，阻碍了天气和气候模型的改进。改进工作既需要进行以过程为基础的研究，以了解控制海气交换的机制，也需要大幅度扩大观测系统。这将改进通量参数化，减少与整体公式和卫星观测有关的不确定性。对整个南大洋的更好的估计需要利用船只、水面系泊设备以及具有强大和小型化传感器的自主平台不断增长的能力。一个关键的挑战是确定观测系统的取样要求。这就需要模型、观测系统模拟实验以及对优先科学所需的具体时空精度和分辨率的评估，并需要对平均状态和直接通量测量的观测不确定性进行评估。需要对极端事件进行全年、高质量、准连续的现场通量测量和观测，以验证、改进和描述混合再分析产品和卫星数据中的不确定性，并改进参数化。建立一个强有力的观测系统将需要社区就观测方法、观测优先事项以及数据管理和发现的有效战略达成共识。
Air-sea and air-sea-ice fluxes in the Southern Ocean play a critical role in global climate through their impact on the overturning circulation and oceanic heat and carbon uptake. The challenging conditions in the Southern Ocean have led to sparse spatial and temporal coverage of observations. This has led to a “knowledge gap” that increases uncertainty in atmosphere and ocean dynamics and boundary-layer thermodynamic processes, impeding improvements in weather and climate models. Improvements will require both process-based research to understand the mechanisms governing air-sea exchange and a significant expansion of the observing system. This will improve flux parameterizations and reduce uncertainty associated with bulk formulae and satellite observations. Improved estimates spanning the full Southern Ocean will need to take advantage of ships, surface moorings, and the growing capabilities of autonomous platforms with robust and miniaturized sensors. A key challenge is to identify observing system sampling requirements. This requires models, Observing System Simulation Experiments (OSSEs), and assessments of the specific spatial-temporal accuracy and resolution required for priority science and assessment of observational uncertainties of the mean state and direct flux measurements. Year-round, high-quality, quasi-continuous in situ flux measurements and observations of extreme events are needed to validate, improve and characterize uncertainties in blended reanalysis products and satellite data as well as to improve parameterizations. Building a robust observing system will require community consensus on observational methodologies, observational priorities, and effective strategies for data management and discovery.