Social biases can lead to less communicatively efficient languages

Social biases can lead to less communicatively efficient languages
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社会偏见可能导致语言沟通效率较低

DOI:
10.1080/10489223.2022.2057229
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发表时间:
2022
影响因子:
1.2
通讯作者:
Roberts, Gareth
Roberts, Gareth
中科院分区:
人文科学4区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Fedzechkina, Masha;Hall Hartley, Lucy;Roberts, Gareth

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语言受到各种压力的影响。最近的研究表明,语言结构的许多方面都具有一些属性,这些属性似乎是由语义有效交流的偏见所塑造的。其他研究调查了社会压力的作用,即语言变体可以根据使用它们的人获得积极或消极的评价。虽然这两种偏见对语言变化的影响已经有了很好的记录,但它们通常是在不同的研究方向中分开对待的。我们使用了一个微型语言范例来测试这些偏见如何在语言变化中相互作用。具体来说,我们想知道标记社会意义的压力是否会导致语言系统在交流语义意义时效率降低。我们让参与者接触到一种微型语言,它的组成顺序没有信息,还有两种方言,一种使用大小写,另一种不使用大小写。在说明中,我们对参与者有社会偏见,倾向于使用案例方言的人,使用无案例方言的人,或者两者都不使用。学习者对无格方言的偏好导致了信息格的丢失,从而形成了一个信息不确定性高的语言系统。即使在额外接触新语言后,他们也无法弥补这种增加的信息不确定性。在所有其他条件下保留病例。这些发现表明,社会偏见不仅在语言变化中与有效沟通的偏见相互作用,而且还可能导致语言系统在语义交流方面效率较低。
Language is subject to a variety of pressures. Recent work has documented that many aspects of language structure have properties that appear to be shaped by biases for the efficient communication of semantic meaning. Other work has investigated the role of social pressures, whereby linguistic variants can acquire positive or negative evaluation based on who is perceived to be using them. While the influence of these two sets of biases on language change has been well documented, they have typically been treated separately, in distinct lines of research. We used a miniature language paradigm to test how these biases interact in language change. Specifically, we asked whether pressures to mark social meaning can lead linguistic systems to become less efficient at communicating semantic meaning. We exposed participants to a miniature language with uninformative constituent order and two dialects, one that employed case and one that did not. In the instructions, we socially biased participants toward users of the case dialect, users of the no-case dialect, or neither. Learners biased toward the no-case dialect dropped informative case, thus creating a linguistic system with high message uncertainty. They failed to compensate for this increased message uncertainty even after additional exposure to the novel language. Case was retained in all other conditions. These findings suggest that social biases not only interact with biases for efficient communication in language change but also can lead to linguistic systems that are less efficient at communicating semantic meaning.
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