Use of Light to Treat Jet Lag: Differential Effects of Normal and Bright Artificial Light on Human Circadian Rhythms
Use of Light to Treat Jet Lag: Differential Effects of Normal and Bright Artificial Light on Human Circadian Rhythms
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使用光治疗时差反应：正常和明亮的人造光对人体昼夜节律的不同影响
DOI：
10.1111/j.1749-6632.1985.tb11818.x
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发表时间：
1985
影响因子：
5.2
通讯作者：
R. Wever
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
R. Wever
内源性产生的昼夜节律被特殊的外源性刺激所改变。这种外部修改可以表现为两种不同的模式。首先，在恒定的条件下，当节奏自由运行时，周期和许多其他节奏参数取决于连续操作的有效刺激的大小;只有在有限的外部条件范围内（振荡范围），节奏才能持续自我维持。第二，在周期性有效刺激（zeitgeber）的影响下，节奏是同步的，但仅在有限的周期范围内（夹带范围）。这是人类昼夜节律的实验结果（但不是理论上的必要性），在上述两种模式之一中有效的每一种刺激在另一种模式中也是有效的。相位响应曲线的存在并不是一个独立的激励有效性模式，而是同一激励的授时效应的等价形式。这意味着，当在其他恒定的环境中单独给出时，周期性地操作时有效作为时间表的每个刺激都会释放节奏的相移，并且这是相移，其量和方向取决于刺激所击中的节奏的相位。然而，在确定的授时因子下的相位关系可以被明确地测量，并且因此相应的相位响应曲线可以被间接地和明确地推导出，而相位响应曲线的直接测量遇到基本问题：测量相位响应曲线内的一个点所需的每个激励同时改变相位响应曲线。相位曲线的所有参数都随外部条件而变化;例如，它们在自主和他律节律中是不同的，甚至在具有相同强度但具有不同周期的时代钟的影响下，它们在他律节律中也是不同的。时间表的相对强度，以及由此产生的刺激对昼夜节律的影响，可以用两种不同的方式来衡量。对授时因子强度的第一个相对度量是夹带范围的宽度：这个范围越大，授时因子就越强（或者说，潜在振荡器的自我维持能力就越弱）。相对授时因子强度的另一个相对量度是在授时因子相移之后再夹带的持续时间：这种再夹带越快，授时因子就越强。同步授时计的相移对应于伴随着跨子午线飞行的时移。因此，在实验中，一个人工的24小时授时计被移动了几个小时，模拟了在相应数量的时区上的长途飞行。因此，通过这样的实验，可以评估时差现象。在大多数动物的昼夜节律中，光是最有效的外部刺激。
The endogenously generated circadian rhythmicity is modified by special exogenous stimuli. Such an external modification can be manifested in two different modes. First, under constant conditions when the rhythms free-run, the period and many other rhythm parameters depend on the magnitude of the continuously operating effective stimulus; only within a limited range of external conditions (oscillatory range) does the rhythm persist in self-sustaining. Second, under the influence of a periodically operating effective stimulus (zeitgeber), the rhythm is synchronized, but only within a limited range of periods (range of entrainment). It is an experimental result in human circadian rhythms (but not a theoretical necessity) that every stimulus that is effective in one of the two modes mentioned is also effective in the other mode.’ The existence of a phase response curve is not an independent mode of effectiveness of a stimulus, but is an equivalent to the zeitgeber effectiveness of the same stimulus. This means that every stimulus that is effective as a zeitgeber when operating periodically releases a phase shift of the rhythm when given singly in an otherwise constant environment, and that is a phase shift, the amount and direction of which depend on the phase of the rhythm hit by the stimulus. Whereas phase relations under a defined zeitgeber, however, can be measured unambiguously and, hence, the respective phase response curve can be deduced indirectly and unambiguously, the direct measurement of a phase response curve meets with fundamental problems: every stimulus necessary for the measurement of one point within the phase response curve simultaneously alters the phase response curve. All parameters of the phase curve vary with the external conditions; for example, they are different in autonomous and heteronomous rhythms, and they differ even among heteronomous rhythms under the influence of zeitgebers with equal strength but with different periods.” The relative strength of a zeitgeber and, hence, the effectiveness of the stimulus under consideration with regard to circadian rhythms can be measured in two different ways. A first relative measure of the strength of a zeitgeber is the width of the range of entrainment: the larger this range the stronger the zeitgeber (or the weaker is the self-sustainment capacity of the underlying oscillator). Another relative measure of the relative zeitgeber strength is the duration of reentrainment after a phase shift of the zeitgeber: the faster this reentrainment the stronger is the zeitgeber. A phase shift of a synchronizing zeitgeber corresponds to a time shift accompanying a transmeridian flight. Consequently, experiments in which an artificial 24-hour zeitgeber is shifted for several hours simulate long-distance flights over a corresponding number of time zones. With such experiments, therefore, jet lag phenomena can be evaluated.’ In most animal circadian rhythms, light is the most effective external stimulus.