Space, race, and poverty: Spatial inequalities in walkable neighborhood amenities?
Space, race, and poverty: Spatial inequalities in walkable neighborhood amenities?
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DOI：
10.4054/demres.2012.26.17
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发表时间：
2012-01
影响因子：
2.1
通讯作者：
Williams DR
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Duncan DT;Aldstadt J;Whalen J;White K;Castro MC;Williams DR
已经提出了多种不同的好处，以增加邻里步行。然而，在邻里步行空间不平等可能存在，并可能归因于，部分，居住隔离。利用空间人口的角度来看，我们评估了潜在的空间不平等，在波士顿，MA（美国）的人口普查区的步行社区设施。自变量包括少数民族/种族人口百分比和贫困家庭百分比。步行社区设施进行了评估与综合措施。首先使用全局Moran's I统计量计算关键研究变量的空间自相关。然后，斯皮尔曼邻里社会人口特征和步行邻里设施之间的相关性进行了计算，以及斯皮尔曼相关性占空间自相关。我们拟合普通最小二乘（OLS）回归和空间自回归模型，在适当的时候，作为最后一步。显着的正空间自相关被发现在附近的社会人口特征（如人口普查区黑人百分比），但不适合步行的社区设施或OLS回归残差。社区社会人口特征与步行社区设施之间的斯皮尔曼相关性在统计学上并不显著，在OLS回归模型中，社区社会人口特征与步行社区设施之间也没有显著相关性。我们的研究结果表明，在波士顿有居住隔离，空间不平等不一定显示使用复合措施。未来的研究在其他地理区域（包括国际背景下），并使用不同的定义的社区（包括小面积的定义），应评估是否发现空间不平等使用复合措施，但也应该使用特定的邻里设施的措施。
Multiple and varied benefits have been suggested for increased neighborhood walkability. However, spatial inequalities in neighborhood walkability likely exist and may be attributable, in part, to residential segregation. Utilizing a spatial demographic perspective, we evaluated potential spatial inequalities in walkable neighborhood amenities across census tracts in Boston, MA (US). The independent variables included minority racial/ethnic population percentages and percent of families in poverty. Walkable neighborhood amenities were assessed with a composite measure. Spatial autocorrelation in key study variables were first calculated with the Global Moran’s I statistic. Then, Spearman correlations between neighborhood socio-demographic characteristics and walkable neighborhood amenities were calculated as well as Spearman correlations accounting for spatial autocorrelation. We fit ordinary least squares (OLS) regression and spatial autoregressive models, when appropriate, as a final step. Significant positive spatial autocorrelation was found in neighborhood socio-demographic characteristics (e.g. census tract percent Black), but not walkable neighborhood amenities or in the OLS regression residuals. Spearman correlations between neighborhood socio-demographic characteristics and walkable neighborhood amenities were not statistically significant, nor were neighborhood socio-demographic characteristics significantly associated with walkable neighborhood amenities in OLS regression models. Our results suggest that there is residential segregation in Boston and that spatial inequalities do not necessarily show up using a composite measure. Future research in other geographic areas (including international contexts) and using different definitions of neighborhoods (including small-area definitions) should evaluate if spatial inequalities are found using composite measures but also should use measures of specific neighborhood amenities.