Physiology of Oligodendroglia
Physiology of Oligodendroglia
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DOI：
10.1007/978-981-13-9913-8_5
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发表时间：
2019-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Rivera, Andrea
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Butt, Arthur M.;Papanikolaou, Maria;Rivera, Andrea
少突胶质细胞是中枢神经系统的髓鞘形成细胞，产生绝缘髓鞘，促进轴突动作电位的快速电传导。少突胶质细胞是在神经递质和其他神经元衍生因子等多种因素的调控下，由少突胶质祖细胞（OPCs）分化而来。在成人CNS中存在大量OPC，它们通常被称为NG 2-神经胶质，因为它们通过表达NG 2硫酸软骨素蛋白聚糖（CSPG 4）来鉴定。在成人大脑中，NG 2-神经胶质细胞的主要功能是终身生成少突胶质细胞，以替代通过自然“磨损”和病理学损失的髓鞘，以及提供新的少突胶质细胞以产生响应新生活经历而形成的髓鞘连接。NG 2-神经胶质细胞接触突触并对神经传递过程中释放的神经递质和钾做出反应;为此，NG 2-神经胶质细胞（OPC）表达多种神经递质受体和离子通道，其中在少突胶质细胞分化中的谷氨酸能信号传导和钾通道中具有突出的作用。髓鞘生成少突胶质细胞还表达广泛的神经递质受体和离子通道，以及转运蛋白和间隙连接;这些在细胞离子和水稳态以及代谢中具有关键功能，这对于维持髓鞘和轴突完整性至关重要。一个压倒一切的主题是，少突胶质细胞的功能和髓鞘形成不仅是必不可少的快速轴突传导，但学习和轴突和神经元的长期完整性是必不可少的。因此，髓鞘形成支撑着人类大脑的认知功能和巨大的计算能力，而髓鞘丢失对中枢神经系统功能具有毁灭性的影响。这一章集中在正常的少突胶质细胞生理学。
Oligodendrocytes are the myelinating cells of the CNS, producing the insulating myelin sheath that facilitates rapid electrical conduction of axonal action potentials. Oligodendrocytes arise from oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) under the control of multiple factors, including neurotransmitters and other neuron-derived factors. A significant population of OPCs persists in the adult CNS, where they are often referred to as NG2-glia, because they are identified by their expression of the NG2 chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan (CSPG4). In the adult brain, the primary function of NG2-glia is the life-long generation of oligodendrocytes to replace myelin lost through natural 'wear and tear' and pathology, as well as to provide new oligodendrocytes to myelinate new connections formed in response to new life experiences. NG2-glia contact synapses and respond to neurotransmitters and potassium released during neuronal transmission; to this end, NG2-glia (OPCs) express multiple neurotransmitter receptors and ion channels, with prominent roles being identified for glutamatergic signalling and potassium channels in oligodendrocyte differentiation. Myelinating oligodendrocytes also express a wide range of neurotransmitter receptors and ion channels, together with transporters and gap junctions; together, these have critical functions in cellular ion and water homeostasis, as well as metabolism, which is essential for maintaining myelin and axon integrity. An overriding theme is that oligodendrocyte function and myelination is not only essential for rapid axonal conduction, but is essential for learning and the long-term integrity of axons and neurones. Hence, myelination underpins cognitive function and the massive computing power of the human brain and myelin loss has devastating effects on CNS function. This chapter focuses on normal oligodendrocyte physiology.