Survival strategies of brachiopod faunas from the end-Permian mass extinction
Survival strategies of brachiopod faunas from the end-Permian mass extinction
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DOI：
10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.04.014
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发表时间：
2005-08-15
影响因子：
3
通讯作者：
George, AD
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Chen, ZQ;Kaiho, K;George, AD
全球范围内的研究表明，在二叠纪末大灭绝中，中国南方、喜马拉雅地区（西藏南部、尼泊尔、盐岭和克什米尔）、阿尔卑斯山脉南部（意大利）、加拿大北极地区、美国西部和澳大利亚西部等地的27科43属102种腕足动物（包括40种未定种）幸存下来。其中，现存腕足动物在中国南方分布最广，分布最丰富，在全球42个二叠纪-三叠纪界线剖面中，有32个出现了腕足动物。腕足动物群是最丰富和多样的灭绝后的幸存者，他们的出现在二叠纪末大规模灭绝hodzon有点掩盖了二叠纪末灭绝的认识。这些幸存的腕足动物出现在三个层段中，对应于P/T边界层的“混合动物群层”（以下简称MFB）1-3。腕足动物群多样性的急剧下降与广泛接受的二叠纪末大规模灭绝的地平线相吻合。灭绝后的腕足动物也受到了随后的危机的影响，对应于MFB 2和MFB 3之间的边界，使大多数幸存者灭绝后约0.7 Ma的二叠纪末大灭绝。现存的腕足类主要是产足类，其次是螺足类。特别是，小chonetids，chonetid-like productellids和光滑，薄壳arnbocollid arnoferids是最丰富的。舌是非常丰富和广泛的约0.7马后，最大的灭绝时，许多地区成为缺乏关节腕足动物。广泛分布，广泛适应和小型类群优先生存。频繁的属内物种形成的广泛，广泛适应的通才属，使生存腕足动物能够迅速，有效地占据空置的生态空间，在结束后，彭尼亚灭绝。灭绝后腕足动物的生态栖息地可分为近岸环境、陆表海环境、局限碳酸盐台地环境、开阔碳酸盐台地环境、斜坡环境和外陆棚环境。其中，生存腕足动物是最多样化的开放平台环境。近岸区提供了理想的栖息地的nonarticulated腕足动物占据，而在外大陆架的幸存者主要是chonetids和chonetid-like productellids。最成功的幸存者，productid腕足动物，广泛分布在六种类型的生态栖息地，因此没有明显的偏好特定的环境。二叠纪末的生物灭绝导致了古地理区向古赤道的移动。腕足动物主要生存在古赤道地区和沿着特提斯洋南缘。(c)2005 Elsevier B. V.保留所有权利。
Global reviews reveal that 102 brachiopod species (including 40 indeterminate species) belonging to 43 genera within 27 families survived the end-Permian mass extinction in South China, the Himalayan regions (southern Tibet, Nepal, Salt Range and Kashmir), southern Alps (Italy), Arctic Canada, western USA and Western Australia. Of these, the surviving brachiopods are most abundant and widespread in South China where they occur in 32 of the 42 Permian-Triassic (P/T) boundary sections around the world. Brachiopod faunas are the most abundant and diverse post-extinction survivors, and their appearance above the end-Permian mass extinction hodzon somewhat masks recognition of the end-Permian extinction. These surviving brachiopods occur in three stratal intervals corresponding to the "Mixed Fauna Beds" (MFB hereafter) 1-3 of the P/T boundary beds. A sharp drop in diversity of the brachiopod faunas coincides with the widely accepted end-Permian mass extinction horizon. The post-extinction brachiopods were also affected by a subsequent crisis corresponding to the boundary between MFB 2 and MFB 3 so that most survivors were extinct approximately 0.7 Ma after the end-Permian mass extinction. The surviving brachiopods were mainly Productida, followed by Spirifedda. In particular, small chonetids, chonetid-like productellids and smooth, thin-shelled arnbocollid spiriferids are most abundant. Lingula is extraordinarily abundant and widespread approximately 0.7 Ma after the greatest extinction when many regions became devoid of articulate brachiopods. Widespread, broadly adapted and small-sized taxa preferentially survived. Frequent intrageneric speciation of widespread, widely adapted generalist genera enabled survival brachiopods to occupy rapidly and efficiently vacant ecospace in the aftermath of the end-Pennian extinction. The ecological habitats of the postextinction brachiopods are subdivided into nearshore, epeiric sea, restricted carbonate platform, open carbonate platform, ramp and outer shelf environments. Of these, the survival brachiopods are most diverse in the open platform environments. The nearshore zone provided ideal habitats for the nonarticulated brachiopods to occupy; whereas the survivors in the outer shelf are predominantly chonetids and chonetid-like productellids. The most successful survivors, the productid brachiopods, are widely distributed in six types of ecological habitats and thus have no apparent preference for specific environments. The end-Permian extinction resulted in the movement of biogeographical provinces towards the palaeoequator. The brachiopods survived mostly in the palaeo-equatorial provinces and along the southern margins of the PalaceTethys Ocean. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.