Increasing detections of killer whales ( Orcinus orca ), in the Pacific Arctic

Increasing detections of killer whales ( Orcinus orca ), in the Pacific Arctic
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在北极太平洋地区发现越来越多的虎鲸(Orcinus orca)

DOI:
10.1111/mms.12551
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发表时间:
2018
影响因子:
2.3
通讯作者:
Stafford, Kathleen M.
Stafford, Kathleen M.
中科院分区:
生物学3区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Stafford, Kathleen M.

文献摘要

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在全球范围内,气候变化正在改变陆地和海洋系统的栖息地(Cohen等人,2018)。在北极尤其如此,季节性海冰覆盖的急剧减少减少了依赖冰的物种的栖息地(Laidre等人,2015年),但增加了亚北极物种的无冰栖息地(摩尔和亨廷顿,2008年)。季节性海冰的减少,在春季较早破裂,秋季较晚形成,是北极最明显的气候变化驱动的变化(Wang和Overland 2015)。在楚科奇海,在过去的30年里,春季解冻时间从7月初提前到6月中旬,秋季冻结从11月初推迟到12月,导致开放水域天数净增加5-6周(Laidre等人,2015年)。太平洋北极海冰的减少与生态系统的变化有关,包括底栖物种丰度和分布的变化(Grebmeier 2012),初级生产增加(Arrigo和货车Dijken 2015),白鲸的变化白翠雀的物候与觅食行为(豪瑟等人,2018年),以及包括虎鲸在内的亚北极鲸目动物的目击事件增加(虎鲸,克拉克等人,2013年b)。以哺乳动物为食的虎鲸是一种亚北极鲸目动物,是一种高效的顶级捕食者,捕食各种海洋哺乳动物物种(Matkin等人,2007年)。在全球范围内,虎鲸对被捕食物种的分布、丰度和行为产生自上而下的影响,从而对海洋生态系统的结构产生强烈影响(威廉姆斯等人,2004年; Barrett-Lennard等人,2011年)。有几条证据表明,虎鲸正在增加,并成为加拿大东部北极地区的主要捕食者
Worldwide, climate change is altering habitats in both terrestrial and marine systems (Cohen et al. 2018). This is particularly true in the Arctic, where dramatic reductions in seasonal sea ice cover have decreased habitat for ice-reliant species (Laidre et al. 2015), but increased ice-free habitat for subarctic species (Moore and Huntington 2008). The reduction in seasonal sea ice, with earlier break up in the spring and later formation in the fall is the most evident climate-change driven alteration of the Arctic (Wang and Overland 2015). In the Chukchi Sea, over the past 30 yr, spring break up timing has advanced from early July to mid-June and fall freeze up is now delayed from early November into December resulting in a net increase of open water days of 5–6 wk (Laidre et al. 2015). Sea ice reductions in the Pacific Arctic have been linked to ecosystem shifts that include changes in abundance and distribution of benthic species (Grebmeier 2012), increases in primary production (Arrigo and van Dijken 2015), changes in beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas) phenology and foraging behavior (Hauser et al. 2018), and increased sightings of subarctic cetaceans, including killer whales (Orcinus orca, Clarke et al. 2013b). Mammal-eating killer whales are a subarctic cetacean that is a highly efficient apex predator that preys on a wide variety of marine mammal species (Matkin et al. 2007). Globally, killer whales strongly impact the structure of marine ecosystems by exerting top-down effects on the distribution, abundance and behavior of prey species (Williams et al. 2004, Barrett-Lennard et al. 2011). There are several lines of evidence that killer whales are increasing and becoming a major predator in the eastern Canadian Arctic