Effect of swim suit design on passive drag
Effect of swim suit design on passive drag
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DOI：
10.1249/01.mss.0000128179.02306.57
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发表时间：
2004-06-01
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Pendergast, DR
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文献类型：
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作者：
Mollendorf, JC;Termin, AC;Pendergast, DR
介绍：七（7）名男子游泳运动员穿着五（5）件泳衣的阻力（D）进行了调查。方法：在速度从0.2到2.2 m（.）的被动表面拖曳期间测量阻力。s（-1）和在启动和推离期间。泳衣的身体覆盖范围从肩到踝（SA），肩到膝（SK），腰到踝（WA）和腰到膝（WK）和三角裤（CS）不等。结果：不同防护服之间的总阻力差异很小，但很显著。在2.2 m（.）处的最小阻力方面，s（-1）时，泳衣排名为SK、SA、WA、WK和CS。采用非线性回归和经典公式将阻力分解为压阻（D-P）、表面摩擦阻力（D-SF）和波阻（D-W）三个阻力分量。考虑了转捩到湍流的雷诺数和随速度减小的锋面面积。过渡到湍流雷诺数的位置被发现是非常接近游泳者的“前缘”，即头部。流动既不是完全的层流，也不是完全的湍流;相反，它在身体的大部分是过渡性的。在低速（< 1.0 m（.）s（-1））和D-W在所有速度下最小。在较高的速度下，SA和SK套装的D-SF贡献最大，而D-P和D-W与其他套装相比有所减少。结论：将游泳者阻力分解为D-SF、D-D-P和D-W表明，增加游泳者上身的D-SF通过触发边界层并将流从肩部到膝盖附着到身体来减小D-P和D-W。覆盖躯干和腿部的紧身衣可能会减少阻力并提高游泳运动员的表现。
Introduction: The drag (D) of seven (7) male swimmers wearing five (5) swimsuits was investigated. Methods: The drag was measured during passive surface tows at speeds from 0.2 up to 2.2 m(.)s(-1) and during starts and push-offs. The swimsuits varied in body coverage from shoulder-to-ankle (SA), shoulder-to-knee (SK), waist-to-ankle (WA) and waist-to-knee (WK) and briefs (CS). Results: Differences in total drag among the suits were small, but significant. In terms of least drag at 2.2 m(.)s(-1), the swimsuits ranked: SK, SA, WA, WK and CS. The drag was decomposed into its pressure drag (D-P), skin friction drag (D-SF) and wave drag (D-W) components using nonlinear regression and classical formulations for each drag component. The transition-to-turbulence Reynolds number and decreasing frontal area with speed were taken into account. The transition-to-turbulence Reynolds number location was found to be very close to the swimmers' "leading edge," i.e. the head. Flow was neither completely laminar, nor completely turbulent; but rather, it was transitional over most of the body. The D-P contributed the most to drag at low speeds (< 1.0 m(.)s(-1)) and D-W the least at all speeds. D-SF contributed the most at higher speeds for SA and SK suits, whereas D-P and D-W were reduced compared with the other suits. Conclusion: The decomposition of swimmer drag into D-SF,D- D-P and D-W suggests that increasing D-SF on the upper-body of a swimmer reduces D-P and D-W by tripping the boundary layer and attaching the flow to the body from the shoulder to the knees. It is possible that body suits that cover the torso and legs may reduce drag and improve performance of swimmers.