Structural and Functional Determinates of Metabolic Rate
Structural and Functional Determinates of Metabolic Rate
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代谢率的结构和功能决定因素
DOI：
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发表时间：
1988
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通讯作者：
A. F. Bennett
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
A. F. Bennett
概要。标准代谢率主要由相对较少的因素决定：温度、质量和系统发育亲和力。 1）温度。体温通过温度对代谢重要酶的活性的影响而对生物过程产生普遍影响：当体温升高 10°C 时，代谢率会增加一倍或三倍。任何温度所建立的新陈代谢的绝对水平可能会因酶组成或结构的改变而发生适应或进化变化。在吸热过程中，这种基本热依赖性的影响可以通过体温的生理调节来克服，但是这种调节在能量上非常昂贵。 2）体重。代谢率与体重成跨物种关系0.75。我们在一定程度上了解动物的结构如何产生这种观察到的代谢对质量的异速依赖性，主要是通过细胞代谢的定量差异来归因于不同的线粒体含量。但我们不明白为什么动物有这样的结构，也不明白这种特殊质量指数的确切原因是什么。 3）系统发育。不同类群的代谢水平各不相同，动物的系统发育历史和相对关联是能量消耗的重要决定因素。即使在正常体温下，哺乳动物和鸟类的代谢率也比变温脊椎动物高得多。然而，即使在脊椎动物中，代谢水平也因目而异。共态原理被提出来描述功能设计的结构后果以及生物系统对功能需求的形态发生反应。
SYNOPSIS. Standard metabolic rates are principally determined by relatively few factors: temperature, mass, and phylogenetic affinities. 1) Temperature. Body temperature has pervasive effects on biological processes through the influence of temperature on the activity of metabolically important enzymes: metabolic rates double or triple when body temperature increases 10°C. The absolute levels of metabolism that any temperature establishes may be subject to acclimatory or evolutionary change by alteration of enzyme composition or structure. In endotherms, the effects of this basic thermal dependence may be overcome by the physiological regulation of body temperature, but such regulation is very energetically expensive. 2) Body mass. Metabolic rate scales interspecifically with body mass0.75. We understand to a degree how animals are structured to produce this observed allometric dependence of metabolism on mass, principally by quantitative differences in cellular metabolism that can be attributed to differential mitochondrial content. But we do not understand why animals are so structured or what exactly is the reason for this particular mass exponent. 3) Phylogeny. Metabolic level varies among taxa, and the phylogenetic history and relative associations of an animal are important determinates of energy expenditure. Mammals and birds have substantially greater metabolic rates than do ectothermic vertebrates, even at common body temperatures. However, even within vertebrate classes, metabolic level varies among orders. The principle of symmorphosis has been proposed to describe the structural consequences of functional design and the morphogenetic response of biological systems to functional need.