Long-distance dispersal of plants by vehicles as a driver of plant invasions
Long-distance dispersal of plants by vehicles as a driver of plant invasions
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DOI：
10.1111/j.1523-1739.2007.00722.x
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发表时间：
2007-08-01
影响因子：
6.3
通讯作者：
Kowarik, Ingo
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Von der Lippe, Moritz;Kowarik, Ingo
路边是入侵植物的优先迁徙通道，可以作为植物入侵邻近栖息地的起点。引种植物的快速传播和中断分布模式表明沿道路的长距离传播。这一过程在多大程度上是由于物种沿着线性栖息地的迁移，或者是由于种子运输工具的运输，尚未得到系统的测试。我们通过在高速公路隧道中取样种子来排除非交通分散。车辆运输了大量的种子。德国柏林某城市高速公路3条隧道内5条不同车道的车辆造成的年种子雨在635 ~ 1579 seeas/m(2)/年之间，在204种种子中占50.0%，在11818种种子中占54.4%。其中39种（19.1%）为高度入侵物种，对世界部分地区的本地生物多样性产生了不利影响。通过比较隧道内和隧道入口附近的植物区系，我们确定了32.3%的取样物种有长距离扩散（>250 m）。隧道入口周围100 m范围内的种子源对隧道内种子样品的物种丰富度和物种组成影响不显著，表明车辆长距离传播的影响较大。与此一致的是，隧道种子的物种组成与柏林地区的路边植物群更相似，而与隧道入口周围的当地植物群更相似。非本地种种子的长距离传播频率（平均38.5%）显著高于本地种（平均4.1%）。我们的研究结果表明，车辆长距离分散是一种常规机制，而不是偶然机制。因此，车辆的扩散将加速植物的入侵，并引起生物多样性模式的快速变化。
Roadsides are preferential migration corridors for invasive plant species and can act as starting points for plant invasions into adjacent habitats. Rapid spread and interrupted distribution patterns of introduced plant species indicate long-distance dispersal along roads. The extent to which this process is due to species' migration along linear habitats or alternatively, to seed transport by vehicles has not yet been tested systematically. We tested this by sampling seeds inside long motorway tunnels to exclude nontraffic dispersal. Vehicles transported large amounts of seeds. The annual seed rain caused by vehicles on the roadsides of five different tunnel lanes within three tunnels along a single urban motorway in Berlin, Germany, ranged from 635 to 1579 seeas/m(2)/year Seeds of non-native species accounted for 50.0% of the 204 species and 54.4% of the total 11,818 seeds trapped inside the tunnels. Among the samples were 39 (19.1%) highly invasive species that exhibit detrimental effects on native biodiversity in some parts of the world. By comparing the flora in the tunnel with that adjacent to the tunnel entrances we confirmed long-distance dispersal events (>250 m) for 32.3% of the sampled species. Seed sources in a radius of 100 m around the entrances of the tunnels had no significant effect on species richness and species composition of seed samples from inside the tunnels, indicating a strong effect of long-distance dispersal by vehicles. Consistently, the species composition of the tunnel seeds was more similar to the regional roadside flora of Berlin than to the local flora around the tunnel entrances. Long-distance dispersal occurred significantly more frequently in seeds of non-native (mean share 38.5%) than native species (mean share 4.1%). Our results showed that long-distance dispersal by vehicles was a routine rather than an occasional mechanism. Dispersal of plants by vehicles will thus accelerate plant invasions and induce rapid changes in biodiversity patterns.