Fake News and International Law
Fake News and International Law
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DOI：
10.1093/ejil/chy071
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发表时间：
2018-11-01
影响因子：
1.2
通讯作者：
Baade, Bjoernstjern
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Baade, Bjoernstjern
鉴于目前为应对假新闻的危险所做的努力，本文将重新审视与这一现象相关的国际法，特别是禁止干预、1936年《关于为和平事业使用广播的国际公约》和1953年《国际更正权公约》。有人认为，可以从国际联盟在两次世界大战之间的努力和联合国（UN）在第二次世界大战后的活动中吸取重要的经验教训，同时考虑到现代通信技术带来的新挑战。根据国际联盟和联合国对虚假和歪曲新闻的区分，国际法律的框架将受到考验，特别是针对俄罗斯政府资助的媒体对2016年丽莎案的报道。这一报道被广泛认为是旨在破坏德国社会和机构稳定的假新闻。文章认为，假新闻可以以合理的方式受到压制性监管。然而，歪曲的新闻必须在法律上得到容忍，因为这方面的禁令太容易被滥用。自由和多元化的媒体，再加上适当的政府信息政策，仍然是应对各种形式假新闻的最佳答案。事实核查、透明度和补救措施等尽责义务，尽管在归属方面存在困难，尽管缺乏普遍接受，但仍然有效，也可能是有益的。
In light of current efforts at addressing the dangers of fake news, this article will revisit the international law relevant to the phenomenon in particular, the prohibition of intervention, the 1936 International Convention on the Use of Broadcasting in the Cause of Peace and the 1953 Convention on the International Right of Correction. It will be argued that important lessons can be learned from the League of Nations efforts in the interwar period and the United Nations (UN) activities in the immediate post-World War II era, while taking into account the new challenges that arise from modern communication technology. Taking up the League of Nations and UNs distinction between false and distorted news, the international legal framework will be tested, in particular, against the coverage of the 2016 Lisa case by Russian government-funded media. This coverage is widely considered to be fake news aimed at destabilizing Germany's society and institutions. The article argues that false news can be subject to repressive regulation in a sensible manner. Distorted news, however, will have to be tolerated legally since prohibitions in this regard would be too prone to abuse. A free and pluralist media, complemented by an appropriate governmental information policy, remains the best answer to fake news in all of its forms. Due diligence obligations of fact-checking, transparency and remedies that are effective despite difficulties in attribution, and despite a lack of universal acceptance, could likewise be conducive.