Aflatoxins in foods
Aflatoxins in foods
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食品中的黄曲霉毒素
DOI：
10.2427/5899
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发表时间：
2024
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
G. Piva
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
A. Pietri;G. Piva
黄曲霉毒素是由黄曲霉和寄生曲霉产生的霉菌毒素。黄曲霉毒素组由黄曲霉毒素 B1 (AFB1)、B2、G1 和 G2 组成。此外，黄曲霉毒素 M1 (AFM1) 是 AFB1 的羟基化代谢物，在食用受 AFB1 污染的日粮的奶牛的牛奶中分泌。 AFB1在动物中表现出极度的急性和慢性毒性以及致癌活性； AFM1的急性毒性与AFB1几乎相当，但其潜在致癌危险比AFB1小约一个数量级。国际癌症研究机构将 AFB1 分类为人类致癌物（第 1 类），将 AFM1 分类为可能致癌物（第 2A 类）。最近，在 HCC 高发国家观察到 HBV 慢性感染与膳食暴露 AFB1 之间存在协同致癌相互作用的可能性，并得到进一步的实验和流行病学研究的证实。然而，在慢性肝炎感染罕见的人群中，AFB1 的致癌效力被认为要低得多。 2003 年，由于玉米受到黄曲霉毒素污染，意大利首次出现严重问题。夏季极其炎热和干燥，黄曲霉在这种条件下非常具有竞争力，因为植物受到压力。玉米粒通常用于奶牛的食品供应，因此导致牛奶受到 AFM1 的严重和广泛污染。在接下来的几年（2004-2006），不同的气候条件以及农民更好地遵守指导方针，导致这一问题大幅减少。
Aflatoxins are mycotoxins produced by Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus. The aflatoxin group is comprised of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), B2, G1 and G2. In addition, aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), a hydroxylated metabolite of AFB1, is excreted in the milk of dairy cows consuming an AFB1-contaminated ration. AFB1 has shown extreme acute and chronic toxicity and carcinogenic activity in animals; the acute toxicity of AFM1 is nearly equal to that of AFB1, but its potential carcinogenic hazard is about one order of magnitude less than that of AFB1. The International Agency for Research on Cancer classified AFB1 as a human carcinogen (group 1) and AFM1 as a possible carcinogen (group 2A). Recently, the possibility of a synergistic carcinogenic interaction between HBV chronic infection and dietary exposure to AFB1 arose from the observation of their co-existence in countries with high incidences of HCC and was confirmed by further experimental and epidemiological studies. However, the carcinogenic potency of AFB1 is considered much lower in populations where chronic hepatitis infections are rare. For the first time in 2003, significant problems arose in Italy, due to the aflatoxin contamination of maize. The summer was extremely hot and dry and A. flavus is very competitive under these conditions as the plants are stressed. Maize grain is normally utilized in the food supply for dairy cows and as such led to the severe and widespread contamination of milk with AFM1. In the following years (2004-2006), different climatic conditions as well as better compliance with guidelines by farmers, led to a dramatic reduction of the problem.
Jiang, R., et al.：“羟基脲对 EBV 感染的上消化道细胞系与伯基特淋巴瘤细胞系中 Epstein-Barr 病毒 (EBV) 基因组减少的影响对比”J.
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